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Anatomy & Physiology Lab > Block 4: Nervous System > Flashcards

Block 4: Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Two branches of the nervous system and their function

A

Central nervous system (cns)
Peripheral nervous system (pns)
Function: regulate homeostasis

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2
Q

Divisions of CNS

A

Brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

Divisions of PNS

A

Sensory → visceral and somatic
Motor → visceral ( → sympathetic and parasympathetic) and somatic

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4
Q

Reflex arc pathways

A

1) sensory (afferent) → spinal → motor (efferent)
2) sensory (afferent) → conscious thought/decision making → motor (efferent)

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5
Q

3 neuron structures and their neuron types

A
  1. Unipolar: soma branched off axon → afferent
  2. Bipolar: soma within axon → afferent
  3. Multipolar: axon hillock on soma → efferent and interneuron
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6
Q

Neuroglia

A

Cells that support, protect, and provide nutrients to neurons

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7
Q

Astrocytes

A

Neuroglia of CNS
Star-shaped
Maintains environment around neurons, forms BBB

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8
Q

Oligodendrocyte

A

Neuroglia of CNS
Forms myelin sheaths around axons in the CNS with its processes

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9
Q

Microglia

A

Neuroglia of CNS
Engulfs microbes, debris, and dead tissue

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10
Q

Ependymal cell

A

Neuroglia of CNS
Forms and circulates CSF
Lines 4 ventricles of the brain and central canal

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11
Q

Satellite cell

A

Neuroglia of PNS
Regulate chemical environment
Cover sensory neuron cell body

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12
Q

Schwann cell

A

Neuroglia of PNS
Forms myelin sheath on axons in PNS
Each cell is individually around the axon

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13
Q

Benefit of myelinated axons

A

More myelinated = faster neural transmission

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14
Q

White matter

A

Inside brain, outside spinal cord
Primarily myelinated axons
White because of lipids in the myelin sheath

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15
Q

Gray matter

A

Outside brain, inside spinal cord
Nervous tissue with little to no myelination

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16
Q

Principal Brain regions*

A

Brainstem
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
Cerebrum
*All can be divide further into specific regions

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17
Q

Specific regions of the brainstem

A

Medulla oblongata
Pons
Midbrain

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18
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Location: brainstem
Function: respiratory and cardio control; reflexes - coughing, sneezing, vomiting

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19
Q

Pons

A

Location: brainstem
Function: respiratory center assists medulla oblongata; relays information to the diencephalon and cerebrum

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20
Q

Midbrain*

A

Location: brainstem
Function: associated with vision, hearing, temperature regulation, sleep, alertness, and motor control
Structures: corpora quadrigemina - superior and inferior colliculi
*contains sensory and motor tracts

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21
Q

Corpora quadrigemina

A

Location: midbrain
Structures: superior colliculus and inferior colliculus

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22
Q

Superior colliculus

A

Location: midbrain
Function: reflex centers involved with visual stimuli
Sensory tract: eye, head, and neck movements

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23
Q

Inferior colliculus

A

Location: midbrain
Function: reflex centers involved in auditory stimuli
Motor tract: head and trunk movements

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24
Q

Specific structures and functions of the cerebellum

A

Structures: vermis, folia, arbor vitae
Function: coordinates skeletal muscle contraction; regulates posture and balance

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25
Q

Vermis

A

Location: cerebellum
Function: joins two cerebellar hemispheres

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26
Q

Folia

A

Location: cerebellum
Function: gray matter in a series of folds within the cerebellar cortex

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27
Q

Arbor vitae

A

Location: cerebellum
Function: tracts of white matter

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28
Q

Specific structures of the diencephalon

A

Epithalamus
Thalamus
Hypothalamus

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29
Q

Thalamus

A

Location: Diencephalon
Structures: intermediate mass
Functions: maintenance of consciousness, memory, learning, and emotions; motor functions; relays almost all sensory input to cerebral cortex

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30
Q

Intermediate Mass

A

Location: thalamus
Function: connection of the thalamus between the two hemispheres

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31
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Location: Diencephalon
Structures: mammillary bodies, optic chiasm, infundibulum, and pituitary gland
Functions: controls and integrates activities of the autonomic nervous system; produces hormones, emotional and behavioral patterns; regulates body temperature eating, drinking, and circadian rhythms

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32
Q

Mammillary bodies

A

Location: hypothalamus
Function: smell and taste reflexes

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33
Q

Optic chiasm

A

Location: hypothalamus

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34
Q

Infundibulum

A

Location: hypothalamus

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35
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

Location: hypothalamus

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36
Q

Epithalamus

A

Location: diencephalon
Structures: pineal gland
Functions: none specific to the epithalamus

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37
Q

Pineal gland

A

Location: epithalamus
Function: secretes melatonin

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38
Q

Structures and functions of the cerebrum

A

Regions: cerebral cortex, white matter, basal ganglia
Structures: corpus callous, fornix, chornoid plexus
Function: association areas for memory, personality, and intelligence; perception of sensory information; voluntary movements

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39
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Location: cerebrum
Function: grey matter of the brain

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40
Q

White matter

A

Location: cerebrum
Function: white matter of the brain

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41
Q

Basal ganglia*

A

Location: cerebrum
Function: initiate, suppress, and terminate movements; regulate muscle tone
*Ganglia (nuclei): cluster of neurons in the CNS responsible for similar functions

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42
Q

Corpus callous

A

Location: cerebrum
Function: connect right and left hemispheres

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43
Q

Fornix*

A

Location: cerebrum
Function: transmits information from the hippocampus to the maxillary bodies and thalamus
*c-shaped bundle of nerve fibers

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44
Q

Choroid plexus*

A

Location: cerebrum
Function: converts blood plasma into CSF via ependymal cells
*network of capillaries

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45
Q

Structures and functions of the cymbal system

A

Structures: amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, cingulate gurus
Functions: promotes range of emotions - pleasure, pain, affection, fear, anger

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46
Q

Cerebrum surface features

A

Posterior group: postcentral gyrus, parietal lobe, parieto-occipital sulcus, occipital lobe, transverse fissure
Anterior-superior group: central sulcus, precentral gurus, frontal lobe
Anterior-inferior group: lateral cerebral sulcus, temporal lobe

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47
Q

Functional areas

A

Found within structural areas of the brain
Types: motor (initiate impulses to skeletal muscle) and sensory (receive and interpret impulses from sensory receptors)

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48
Q

Association areas

A

Location: in between functional areas
Function: complex integration of brain functions

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49
Q

Functional areas of the cerebrum

A

Sensory cortices and association areas:
- primary somatosensory cortex
- somatosensory association area
- primary motor cortex
- motor association area
- primary auditory cortex
- auditory association area
- primary visual cortex
- visual association area

Language areas:
- broca’s area
- wernicke’s area

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50
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex

A

Function: receives sensory information from the body

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51
Q

Somatosensory association area

A

Function: allows you to recognize objects by touch

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52
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

Function: initiates voluntary movement of your skeletal muscles

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53
Q

Motor association area

A

Function: coordination of complex movement

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54
Q

Primary auditory cortex

A

Function: detects sound

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55
Q

Auditory association area

A

Function: processes auditory information

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56
Q

Primary visual cortex

A

Function: involved in the detection of simple visual stimuli

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57
Q

Visual association area

A

Function: processes visual information

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58
Q

Broca’s area

A

Function: motor speech area that helps in movements required to produce speech
Broca’s aphasia “broken speech” - a patient can understand speech but can’t speak themselves

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59
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Function: sensory area that helps understand speech and using correct words to express our thoughts
Wernicke’s aphasia “word salad” - patient can produce speech but not understand the speech of others

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60
Q

3 significant lines of defense for the brain

A

Cranial bones
The meninges
CSF

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61
Q

Meninges functions

A

Connective tissue layers that surround the brain
Protect the brain
Keep the brain anchored to the skull
Reabsorb CSF

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62
Q

CSF flow location

A

Subarachnoid space

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63
Q

Superior sagittal sinus

A

Function: carries waste and fluid away from the brain and back into the bloodstream

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64
Q

Meninges layers

A

Dura mater: periosteal layer, meningeal layer, subdural space
Arachnoid mater: arachnoid villi, subarachnoid space
Mia mater

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65
Q

Head layers superior to inferior

A

Scalp
Periosteum
Skull
Superior sagittal sinus
Dura mater: periosteal layer, meningeal layer, subdural space
Arachnoid mater: arachnoid villi, subarachnoid space
Pia mater

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66
Q

Ventricles of the Brain

A

2 lateral ventricles
3rd ventricle
4th ventricle

Other structures:
Interventricular foramen
Cerebral aqueduct
Central canal of spinal cord
Lateral aperture
Medial aperture

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67
Q

CSF structures and functions

A

Structures: choroid plexus and ependymal cells
Functions: filtered blood plasma that provides nutrients to the brain and spinal cord

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68
Q

Choroid plexus

A

Location: walls of ventricles
Function: network of blood capillaries that filter blood plasma into ependymal cells

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69
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Location: between capillaries and ventricles

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70
Q

CSF flow

A

1) CSF is secreted by choroid plexus in each lateral ventricle
2) CSF flows through interventricular foramina into 3rd ventricle
3) Choroid plexus in 3rd ventricle adds more CSF
4) CSF flows down cerebral aqueduct to 4th ventricle
5) Choroid plexus in 4th ventricle adds more CSF
6) CSF flows out 2 lateral apertures and 1 medial aperture
7) CSF fills subarachnoid space and coats external surfaces of the brain and spinal cord
8) CSF is reabsorbed into venous blood of rural venous sinuses at arachnoid villi

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71
Q

Olfactory I

A

Location: cranial nerve 1
General Function: sensory
Specific Function: smell

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72
Q

Optic ll

A

Location: cranial nerve 2
General Function: sensory
Specific Function: vision

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73
Q

Oculomotor lll

A

Location: cranial nerve 3
General Function: motor
Specific Function: movement of eyelid and eyeball, accommodation of lens, and constriction of pupil

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74
Q

Trochlear lV

A

Location: cranial nerve 4
General Function: motor
Specific Function: movement of eyeball

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75
Q

Trigeminal V

A

Location: cranial nerve 5
General Function: sensory and motor
Specific Function: sensory → touch, pain, thermal sensations from ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular areas; motor → chewing and middle ear muscle control

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76
Q

Abducens VI

A

Location: cranial nerve 6
General Function: motor
Specific Function: abduction of the eyeball

77
Q

Facial Vll

A

Location: cranial nerve 7
General Function: sensory and motor
Specific Function: sensory → taste; motor → facial expression, tears, salivation

78
Q

Vestibulocochlear Vlll

A

Location: cranial nerve 8
General Function: sensory
Specific Function: equilibrium and hearing

79
Q

Glossopharyngeal lX

A

Location: cranial nerve 9
General Function: sensory and motor
Specific Function: sensory → taste; motor → swallowing, speech, saliva secretion, motors O2, CO2, and blood pressure

80
Q

Vagus X

A

Location: cranial nerve 10
General Function: sensory and motor
Specific Function: sensory → taste, somatic sensation from pharynx and epiglottis; motor → swallowing, coughing, voice projection; smooth muscle contraction and secretion of GI tract; slows heart rate; constriction of respiratory pathways

81
Q

Accessory Xl

A

Location: cranial nerve 11
General Function: motor
Specific Function: movement of head and pectoral girdle

82
Q

Hypoglossal Xll

A

Location: cranial nerve 12
General Function: motor
Specific Function:speech, manipulation of food, swallowing

83
Q

Connective tissue nerve coverings

A

Epineurium
Perineurium
Endoneurium

84
Q

Epineurium

A

Location: covering that surrounds whole nerve

85
Q

Perineurium

A

Location: covering that surrounds each fascicle

86
Q

Endoneurium

A

Location: covering that surrounds myelinated and unmyelinated axons

87
Q

Superfacial to deep organizational structure of nerves

A

Epineurium
Perineurium
Endoneurium

88
Q

Spinal nerves

A

Location: 31 pairs of spinal nerves, one emerging from each side of the spinal cord
Functions: sends information from peripheral sensory receptors to the spinal cord and information from the spinal cord to effectors; mediates spinal reflexes

89
Q

Spinal plexuses

A

Plexus: where spinal nerves form a braided network
Each plexus is named after the anatomical region it extends from

90
Q

Nerves from cervical plexus

A

Spinal nerve: phrenic nerve
- roots from C3-C5

91
Q

Phrenic nerve

A

Location: cervical plexus
Muscle innovated: diaphragm

92
Q

Nerves from brachial plexus

A

Spinal nerves:
- axillary nerve
- musculocutaneous nerve
- radial nerve
- median nerve
- ulnar nerve

93
Q

Axillary nerve

A

Location: brachial plexus
Muscles innervated:
- deltoid
- teres minor

94
Q

Musculocutaneous nerve

A

Location: brachial plexus
Muscles innervated:
- brachialis
- biceps brachii

95
Q

Radial nerve

A

Location: brachial plexus
Muscles innervated:
- triceps brachii
- brachioradialis

96
Q

Median nerve

A

Location: brachial plexus
Muscles innervated:
- pronator teres
- palmaris longus

97
Q

Ulnar nerve

A

Location: brachial plexus
Muscles innervated:
- flexor carpi ulnaris
- medial half of flexor digitorum profundus

98
Q

Nerves from lumbar plexus

A

Spinal nerves:
- femoral nerve
- obturator nerve

99
Q

Femoral nerve

A

Location: lumbar plexus
Muscles innervated:
- iliacus
- sartorius

100
Q

Obturator nerve

A

Location: lumbar plexus
Muscles innervated:
- adductor longus
- adductor brevis

101
Q

Nerves from sacral plexus

A

Spinal nerves:
- sciatic nerve
- tibial nerve
- common fibular nerve

102
Q

Sciatic nerve

A

Location: sacral plexus
Muscles innervated:
- semimembranosus
- semitendinosus

103
Q

Tibial nerve

A

Location: sacral plexus
Muscles innervated:
- gastrocnemius
- soleus

104
Q

Common fibular nerve

A

Location: sacral plexus
Muscles innervated:
- fibularis longus
- tibialis anterior

105
Q

Reflex

A

Rapid, involuntary motor responses to environmental stimuli detected by sensory receptors
Protective and fast circuits which cerebral decision making is not required for initiation
If we are aware, the reflex is likely autonomic

106
Q

4 ways to classify reflexes

A

1) site of integration
2) effector(s) involved
3) number of synapses
4) site of stimulus vs. effector

107
Q

Site of integration

A

Cranial reflex vs. Spinal reflex:
- cranial reflexes are integrated at the brain
- spinal reflexes are integrated at the spinal cord

108
Q

Involved effector

A

Somatic motor innervation vs. Autonomic efferent motor innovation:
- somatic is voluntary movements
- autonomic can be sympathetic or parasympathetic but are both involuntary

109
Q

Number of synapses

A

Monosynaptic reflex us. Polysynaptic reflex:
- monosynaptic have direct communication between sensory and motor neuron
- polysynaptic have facilitated communication through interneurons

110
Q

How to test reflex integrity

A

Cranial nerve tests assess integrity of cranial nerve involvement
Spinal nerve tests assess integrity of spinal nerve involvement

111
Q

Corneal reflex

A

Cranial reflex
Afferent nerve is cn5 and efferent nerve is cn7
Stimulation of cornea
Response is contraction of eye muscles
Somatic, bilateral, and polysynaptic

112
Q

Pupillary light reflex

A

Cranial reflex
Afferent nerve is cn2 and efferent nerve is cn3
Light stimulus
Response is pupillary constriction on same side
Autonomic, ipsilateral, polysynaptic

113
Q

Consensual light reflex

A

Cranial reflex
Afferent nerve is cn2 and efferent nerve is cn3
Light stimulus
Response is pupillary constriction of opposite side
Autonomic, contralateral, polysynaptic

114
Q

Salivary reflex

A

Cranial reflex
Afferent nerve is cn7 and efferent nerve is cn9
Stimulus is thinking about food or tongue stimulation
Response is secretion of saliva
Autonomic, bilateral, polysynaptic

115
Q

Gag reflex

A

Cranial reflex
Afferent nerve is cn9 and efferent nerve is cn10
Stimulation of soft palate
Response is constriction of pharynx
Autonomic, bilateral, polysynaptic

116
Q

Patellar reflex

A

Spinal reflex
Sensory receptor is muscle spindle fibers in quadriceps and effector is femoral nerve
Stimulation of striking patellar tendon
Response is extension of the leg
Somatic, ipsilateral, monosynaptic

117
Q

Achilles reflex

A

Spinal reflex
Sensory receptor is muscle spindle fibers in gastrocnemius and effector is tibial nerve
Stimulation is striking achieves tendon
Response is contraction of gastrocnemius muscle
Somatic, ipsilateral, monosynaptic

118
Q

Plantar reflex

A

Spinal reflex
Sensory receptor is skin receptors in the sole of foot and effector is the tibial nerve
Stimulation is rubbing foot from lateral sole up to medial toe
Response is flexion of the digits in foot
Somatic, ipsilateral, polysynaptic

119
Q

Flexor reflex

A

Spinal reflex
Sensory receptor is nociceptors in sole of foot and effector is sciatic nerve
Stimulation is stepping on something
Response is flexion of the leg on the same side as stimulus
Somatic, ipsilateral, polysynaptic

120
Q

Crossed extensor reflex

A

Spinal reflex
Sensory receptor is nociceptors in sole of foot and effector is femoral nerve
Stimulation is stepping on something
Response is flexion of the leg on the opposite side as stimulus
Somatic, contralateral polysynaptic

121
Q

Cranial reflexes

A

Corneal reflex
Pupillary light reflex
Consensual light reflex
Salivary reflex
Gag reflex

122
Q

Spinal reflex

A

Patellar reflex
Achilles reflex
Plantar reflex
Flexor reflex
Crossed extensor reflex

123
Q

Visual tests

A

Blind spot test
Visual acuity
Astigmatism test
Color blindness test

124
Q

Visual acuity test

A

Snellen eye chart: 20/50
Top number is now far you are standing away
Bottom number is the distance at which someone with normal eyesight can read the smallest line you see clearly

125
Q

Refractive errors

A

When eye cannot focus light on the retina, usually causing blurry vision
Most common refractive errors are myopia and hyperopia

126
Q

Myopia

A

Type of refractive error
When eyeball is too long causing nearsightedness
Fixed with a concave lens

127
Q

Hyperopia

A

Type of refractive error
When eyeball is too short causing fearsightedness
Fixed with a convex lens

128
Q

Emmetropia

A

Type of refractive error
When eyeball can see normally

129
Q

Blind spot test

A

Type of vision test
Section of the retina that does not contain sensory receptors (where the optic ll enters the eye)

130
Q

Astigmatism test*

A

Type of vision test
Oval shaped cornea causing multiple focal points
*astigmatism is a refractive error

131
Q

Colorblindness test

A

Type of vision test
Determines if someone is colorblind

132
Q

Sensation vs. Perception

A

Sensation: input from the physical world obtained by sensory receptors
Perception: organization, interpretation, and conscious experience of sensations that primarily occurs in the cerebral cortex

133
Q

Two types of senses

A

General senses
Special senses

134
Q

General senses

A

Sensation provided by somatic and visceral receptors
- found in skin, skeletal muscle, visceral/internal organs

135
Q

Special senses

A

Sensation provided by receptors related to special sense organs
- ex: eyes, inner ear, nasal mucosal taste buds

136
Q

Somatic senses

A

Type of general sense
- ex tactile, thermal, pain, proprioception

137
Q

Visceral senses

A

Type of general sense
- ex: information about conditions within internal organs (interoception)

138
Q

Receptor classifications

A

Microscopic structure
Location of receptor and origin of activating stimuli
Type of stimulus

139
Q

Microscopic structure

A

Type of receptor classification
Free or encapsulated nerve endings; separate cells that synapse with neurons
- ex: free nerve endings, tactile disc, hair receptor

140
Q

Location of receptor and origin of activating stimuli

A

Type of receptor classification
Exteroceptors, interceptors, proprioceptors
- ex: tactile corpuscle, end bulb, bulbous corpuscle

141
Q

Type of stimulus

A

Type of receptor classification
Mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors, chemoreceptors, osmoreceptors
- ex: lamellar corpuscle, muscle spindle, tendon organ

142
Q

Skin sensory receptors

A

Nociceptor
Merkel discs
Meissner’s corpuscle
Ruffini’s corpuscle
Hair root plexus
Pacinian corpuscle
Thermoreceptors

143
Q

Tactile receptors

A

Skin sensory receptors
Merkel discs, messier corpuscle, hair root plexus, pacinian corpuscle

144
Q

Merkel discs

A

Type of tactile receptor
Location: stratum basale
Function: free nerve endings that detect light touch and pressure

145
Q

Messier corpuscle

A

Type of tactile receptor
Location: dermal papillae of hairless skin
Function: encapsulated nerve endings that detect light touch and pressure in the papillary layer; allows you to distinguish between textures by low-frequency libra tons

146
Q

Hair root plexus

A

Type of tactile receptor
Location: hair bulb
Function: nerve endings that detect hair movement

147
Q

Pacinian corpuscle

A

Type of tactile receptor
Location: subcutaneous, submucosal tissue, joints, tendons, muscle
Function: encapsulated nerve endings that detects deep pressure through high-frequency vibrations

148
Q

Adaptation of touch receptors

A

Adapt to constant stimulus decreasing the number of action potentials they send over time

149
Q

Two- point discrimination

A

Areas with smaller receptive fields have greater receptor density and are able to discriminate between two points
- primarily in the somatosensory cortex

150
Q

Ruffini corpuscle

A

Type of proprioceptor
Location: dermis, ligaments, tendons
Function: encapsulated nerve endings that stretched digits and limbs

151
Q

Tactile localization

A

Being able to match the same spot to test sensory and motor components
- receptive field/ receptor density is the same concept as the two-point discrimination

152
Q

Adaptation of temperature receptors

A

Adapt to a constant stimulus by decreasing the number of action potentials they send over time
- only adapt if temperature is not extreme

153
Q

Nociceptors

A

Type of pain receptor
Location: ends of stratum basale
Function: free nerve endings that detect painful stimuli

154
Q

General pain versus Referred pain

A

General pain: visceral organ and area in pain are innervated by the same segment of the spinal cord
Referred pain: arises due to convergence of synaptic inputs in the pain pathway

155
Q

Regions of ear

A

External (outer) ear
Middle ear
Inner ear

156
Q

External (outer) ear

A

Region of ear
Structures: auricle, external auditory canal, tympanic membrane

157
Q

Middle ear

A

Region of the ear
Structures: auditory ossicles, oval window, auditory tube

158
Q

Inner ear

A

Region of the ear
Structures: bony labyrinth → cochlea, vestibule, 3 semi-circular canals

159
Q

Auricle

A

Structure of external ear
Function: collect sound waves

160
Q

External auditory canal

A

Structure of external ear
Function: directs sound waves to tympanic membrane

161
Q

Tympanic membrane

A

Structure of external ear
Function: sound waves cause vibrations, which causes malleus to vibrate

162
Q

Auditory ossicles

A

Structure of middle ear
Structures: stapes, incus, malleus
Function: transmit and amplify vibrations to oval window

163
Q

Oval window

A

Structure of mida ear
Function: small opening for stapes footplate

164
Q

Auditory tube

A

Structure of middle ear
Function: equalizes air pressure

165
Q

Semi-circular canals

A

Structure of inner ear
Function: detect head movement in any direction

166
Q

Vestibule

A

Structure of inner ear
Function: detects linear movement of the head

167
Q

Cochlea

A

Structure of inner ear
Structures: cochlear duct
Function: tilled with perilymph that moves in response to vibrations

168
Q

Cochlear duct

A

Structure of cochlea
Function: transforms auditory vibrations into electrical impulses that are sent to the brain

169
Q

Cochlear branch of cn8

A

Structure of inner ear
Function: carries sound signals to the brain

170
Q

Vestibular branch of cn8

A

Structure of inner ear
Function: carries equilibrium/balance signals to the brain

171
Q

Types of deafness

A

Conduction deafness
Sensorineural deafness

172
Q

Conduction deafness

A

Type of deafness
Decreased ability to conduct energy of sound waves to hearing receptors
Causes: infection, earwax buildup, punctured eardrum, fluid in middle ear, damage to ossicles

173
Q

Sensorineural deafness

A

Type of deafness
Damage to hearing receptors, cochlear branch of vestibulocochlear nerve, or neural pathways to auditory cortex
Causes: auditory nerve damage, inner ear hair cell damage, aging

174
Q

Types of hearing deafness

A

Weber test
Rinne test

175
Q

Weber test

A

Type of hearing test
Used to determine unilateral deafness

176
Q

Rinne test

A

Type of hearing test
Used to determine conduction dearness based on Weber test results

177
Q

Weber test results: equal loudness in both ears

A

Normal hearing
Equal hearing loss in both ears

178
Q

Weber test results: sound louder in R ear

A

Conduction deafness in R ear
Sensorineural deafness in L ear

179
Q

Weber test results: sound louder in L ear

A

Conduction deafness in L ear
Sensorineural dearness in R ear

180
Q

Layers of the eye

A

Fibrous tunic
Vascular tunic
Sensory tunic

181
Q

Fibrous tunic

A

Layer of the eye
Structures: cornea, sclera

182
Q

Vascular tunic

A

Layer of the eye
Structures: iris, ciliary body, choroid

183
Q

Sensory tunic

A

Layer of the eye
AKA retina

184
Q

Eye cavities

A

Anterior cavity
Vitreous cavity

185
Q

Anterior cavity

A

Cavity of the eye
Contains aqueous humor
Two chambers: anterior chamber and posterior chamber

186
Q

Vitreous chamber

A

Cavity of the eye
Contains vitreous humor

187
Q

Macula lutea

A

Small pigmented area in the retina that contains cones
Function: straight, central, share, and detailed vision

188
Q

Fovea central

A

Pit located in the center of the macula lutea and has the densest amount of cones
Function: sharp and detailed vision for reading, driving, or any visual activity

Anatomy & Physiology Lab (8 decks)

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