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Anatomy & Physiology Lab > Block 6: The Immune System > Flashcards

Block 6: The Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Immune System?

A

Collection of Immune Cells

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2
Q

What are the 2 main kinds of lymphocytes?

A

T cells and B cells

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3
Q

Describe T cells

A

Mature in the Thymus
Cell mediated immunity
Types of T cells: memory T cells, helper T cells, and cytotoxic T cells

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4
Q

Describe B cells

A

Mature in red bone marrow
Antibody mediated immunity
Types of B cells: memory B cells and plasma cells

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5
Q

What is the purpose of memory T & B cells?

A

Saved for later in case the same antigen returns to allow for a faster immune response

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6
Q

What to Plasma Cells do?

A

Type of B cell that releases all the antibodies as a result of antigen presentation

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7
Q

What do helper T cells do?

A

When an antigen is presented, the helper T cell sends it to the memory T cell for memory, gives the cytotoxic T cell permission to kill, and sends antigen presentation to B cells.

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8
Q

What do cytotoxic T cells do?

A

Cytotoxic T cells are given permission to kill by the helper T cells when an antigen is presented

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9
Q

What are NK cells?

A

Natural Killer Cells
Kill cancer cells and infected host cells

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10
Q

What are Monocytes?

A

Monocytes differentiate into Marcophages

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11
Q

What are Macrophages?

A

Cells that are the “big eaters” that clean debris and present antigens to other cells

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12
Q

What are Dendritic and Reticular cells?

A

Cells that present antigens to other cells

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13
Q

What is an antigen?

A

molecule capable of causing an immune response

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14
Q

What is an antibody?

A

a protein produced by plasma cells to bind to a specific antigen and mark it for destruction

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15
Q

What determines blood type?

A

Surface antigens on erythrocytes (WBCs)
- an individual can have A, B, both AB, or neither surface antigens

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16
Q

What blood type has A surface antigens?

A

Type A

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17
Q

What blood type has B surface antigens?

A

Type B

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18
Q

What blood type has A and B surface antigens?

A

Type AB

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19
Q

What blood type has neither A nor B surface antigens?

A

Type O

20
Q

How does the body determine which antibodies to produce?

A

The body will produce antibodies against antigens that are not found on one’s erythrocytes
- example: the body will make antibodies against the A antigen in someone who has type B blood

21
Q

What is agglutination?

A

Antibodies from one individual bind to the corresponding surface antigens on the erythrocytes of the other phenotype

22
Q

When does agglutination occur?

A

When incompatible blood is mixed inside the body

23
Q

What happens if agglutination occurs?

A

Destruction of erythrocytes by bursting (hemolysis)

24
Q

What does it mean when a blood type is Rh + ?

A

the antigen is present on the surface of the erythrocytes

25
Q

What does it mean when a blood type is Rh - ?

A

the antigen is NOT present on the surface of the erythrocytes

26
Q

If you are O+, when blood type(s) can you receive?

A

O+
O-

27
Q

If you are O-, when blood type(s) can you receive?

A

O-

28
Q

If you are A+, when blood type(s) can you receive?

A

O+
O-
A+
A-

29
Q

If you are A-, when blood type(s) can you receive?

A

O-
A-

30
Q

If you are B+, when blood type(s) can you receive?

A

O+
O-
B+
B-

31
Q

If you are B-, when blood type(s) can you receive?

A

O-
B-

32
Q

If you are AB-, when blood type(s) can you receive?

A

O-
A-
B-
AB-

33
Q

What blood type is considered the universal donor?

A

O-

34
Q

What blood type is the universal recipient (can accept any blood type)?

A

AB+

35
Q

What is removed from blood before a transfusion can occur?

A

Antibodies are removed
Patients only receive erythrocytes with surface antigens

36
Q

What are the two most common blood types in the United States?

A

O+
A+

37
Q

What are the two least common blood types in the United States?

A

B-
AB-

38
Q

During a mothers first pregnancy, what happens when the Rh types are different (i.e. mother is Rh- and baby is Rh+)?

A

No issues because blood doesn’t mix until after birth

39
Q

During birth, what happens to the mother’s body as it is exposed to the baby’s Rh antigen?

A

Blood from Rh+ baby’s placenta mixes with mother’s blood and mother’s body will make anti-Rh antibodies

40
Q

During the mother’s second pregnancy, what happens to the baby’s blood?

A

If mom has Rh+ baby, Rh antibodies will cross and cause hemolysis of the baby’s blood
If mom has Rh- baby, Rh antibodies will not have anything to bind to, causing no harm

41
Q

What is Leukemia?

A

Cancer of early blood-forming tissues most common in erythrocytes

42
Q

How common is Leukemia in the United States?

A

3.2% of new cancer cases every year
66.4% survival rate

43
Q

What are common symptoms of Leukemia?

A

Signs and symptoms depend on the type of Leukemia
Common signs and symptoms include fever/chills, weakness/fatigue, enlarged liver or spleen, and easy bleeding or bruising

44
Q

What is the main cause of Leukemia?

A

Disruption of DNA structure/sequence causing an excess accumulation in peripheral blood and lymphoid organs

45
Q

What is the difference between Acute and Chronic Leukemia?

A

Acute - malignant cells are immature, poorly differentiated, abnormal leukocytes that can either be lymphoblasts or meyloblasts
Chronic - partially mature cells that do not function effectively and divide too quickly

46
Q

What is the most common type of Leukemia?

A

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)

47
Q

What are some treatments associated with Leukemia?

A

Chemotherapy
Radiation Therapy
Targeted Therapy
Bone Marrow Transplant
Clinical Trials

Anatomy & Physiology Lab (8 decks)

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