Block 6: The Immune System

Question 1

What is the Immune System?

Answer 1

Collection of Immune Cells

Question 2

What are the 2 main kinds of lymphocytes?

Answer 2

T cells and B cells

Question 3

Describe T cells

Answer 3

Mature in the Thymus
Cell mediated immunity
Types of T cells: memory T cells, helper T cells, and cytotoxic T cells

Question 4

Describe B cells

Answer 4

Mature in red bone marrow
Antibody mediated immunity
Types of B cells: memory B cells and plasma cells

Question 5

What is the purpose of memory T & B cells?

Answer 5

Saved for later in case the same antigen returns to allow for a faster immune response

Question 6

What to Plasma Cells do?

Answer 6

Type of B cell that releases all the antibodies as a result of antigen presentation

Question 7

What do helper T cells do?

Answer 7

When an antigen is presented, the helper T cell sends it to the memory T cell for memory, gives the cytotoxic T cell permission to kill, and sends antigen presentation to B cells.

Question 8

What do cytotoxic T cells do?

Answer 8

Cytotoxic T cells are given permission to kill by the helper T cells when an antigen is presented

Question 9

What are NK cells?

Answer 9

Natural Killer Cells
Kill cancer cells and infected host cells

Question 10

What are Monocytes?

Answer 10

Monocytes differentiate into Marcophages

Question 11

What are Macrophages?

Answer 11

Cells that are the “big eaters” that clean debris and present antigens to other cells

Question 12

What are Dendritic and Reticular cells?

Answer 12

Cells that present antigens to other cells

Question 13

What is an antigen?

Answer 13

molecule capable of causing an immune response

Question 14

What is an antibody?

Answer 14

a protein produced by plasma cells to bind to a specific antigen and mark it for destruction

Question 15

What determines blood type?

Answer 15

Surface antigens on erythrocytes (WBCs)
- an individual can have A, B, both AB, or neither surface antigens

Question 16

What blood type has A surface antigens?

Answer 16

Type A

Question 17

What blood type has B surface antigens?

Answer 17

Type B

Question 18

What blood type has A and B surface antigens?

Answer 18

Type AB

Question 19

What blood type has neither A nor B surface antigens?

Answer 19

Type O

Question 20

How does the body determine which antibodies to produce?

Answer 20

The body will produce antibodies against antigens that are not found on one’s erythrocytes
- example: the body will make antibodies against the A antigen in someone who has type B blood

Question 21

What is agglutination?

Answer 21

Antibodies from one individual bind to the corresponding surface antigens on the erythrocytes of the other phenotype

Question 22

When does agglutination occur?

Answer 22

When incompatible blood is mixed inside the body

Question 23

What happens if agglutination occurs?

Answer 23

Destruction of erythrocytes by bursting (hemolysis)

Question 24

What does it mean when a blood type is Rh + ?

Answer 24

the antigen is present on the surface of the erythrocytes

Question 25

What does it mean when a blood type is Rh - ?

Answer 25

the antigen is NOT present on the surface of the erythrocytes

Question 26

If you are O+, when blood type(s) can you receive?

Answer 26

O+ O-

Question 27

If you are O-, when blood type(s) can you receive?

Answer 27

O-

Question 28

If you are A+, when blood type(s) can you receive?

Answer 28

O+ O- A+ A-

Question 29

If you are A-, when blood type(s) can you receive?

Answer 29

O- A-

Question 30

If you are B+, when blood type(s) can you receive?

Answer 30

O+ O- B+ B-

Question 31

If you are B-, when blood type(s) can you receive?

Answer 31

O- B-

Question 32

If you are AB-, when blood type(s) can you receive?

Answer 32

O- A- B- AB-

Question 33

What blood type is considered the universal donor?

Answer 33

O-

Question 34

What blood type is the universal recipient (can accept any blood type)?

Answer 34

AB+

Question 35

What is removed from blood before a transfusion can occur?

Answer 35

Antibodies are removed Patients only receive erythrocytes with surface antigens

Question 36

What are the two most common blood types in the United States?

Answer 36

O+ A+

Question 37

What are the two least common blood types in the United States?

Answer 37

B- AB-

Question 38

During a mothers first pregnancy, what happens when the Rh types are different (i.e. mother is Rh- and baby is Rh+)?

Answer 38

No issues because blood doesn’t mix until after birth

Question 39

During birth, what happens to the mother’s body as it is exposed to the baby’s Rh antigen?

Answer 39

Blood from Rh+ baby’s placenta mixes with mother’s blood and mother’s body will make anti-Rh antibodies

Question 40

During the mother’s second pregnancy, what happens to the baby’s blood?

Answer 40

If mom has Rh+ baby, Rh antibodies will cross and cause hemolysis of the baby’s blood If mom has Rh- baby, Rh antibodies will not have anything to bind to, causing no harm

Question 41

What is Leukemia?

Answer 41

Cancer of early blood-forming tissues most common in erythrocytes

Question 42

How common is Leukemia in the United States?

Answer 42

3.2% of new cancer cases every year 66.4% survival rate

Question 43

What are common symptoms of Leukemia?

Answer 43

Signs and symptoms depend on the type of Leukemia Common signs and symptoms include fever/chills, weakness/fatigue, enlarged liver or spleen, and easy bleeding or bruising

Question 44

What is the main cause of Leukemia?

Answer 44

Disruption of DNA structure/sequence causing an excess accumulation in peripheral blood and lymphoid organs

Question 45

What is the difference between Acute and Chronic Leukemia?

Answer 45

Acute - malignant cells are immature, poorly differentiated, abnormal leukocytes that can either be lymphoblasts or meyloblasts Chronic - partially mature cells that do not function effectively and divide too quickly

Question 46

What is the most common type of Leukemia?

Answer 46

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)

Question 47

What are some treatments associated with Leukemia?

Answer 47

Chemotherapy Radiation Therapy Targeted Therapy Bone Marrow Transplant Clinical Trials