Block 5 Anatomy

Question 1

What is the axial skeleton?

Answer 1

Skull
Vertebral column
Ribs
Sternum

Question 2

What is the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 2

Shoulder girdle
Upper limb
Pelvic girdle
Lower limb

Question 3

What is the feature, function and example of long bone?

Answer 3

Cylinder-like shape, longer than it is wide.
Leverage
Radius, femur, metacarpals, phalanges

Question 4

What is the feature, function and example of short bone?

Answer 4

Cube-like shape, approximately equal in length, width and thickness.
Stability, support & allows motion.
Tarsals, carpals.

Question 5

What is the feature, function and example of flat bone?

Answer 5

Thin and curved.
Muscle attachment, protects internal organs.
Scapulae, sternum, cranial bones.

Question 6

What is the feature, function and example of irregular bones?

Answer 6

Complex shape.
Protects internal organs.
Vertebrae, facial bones.

Question 7

What is the feature, function and example of pneumatic bones?

Answer 7

Contain air-filled spaces.
Reduce overall weight, distribution forces, maintain tone of voice.
Mailla, ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal, mastoid.

Question 8

What are the characteristics of compact bone?

Answer 8

Dense
Forms surface of bone
Thickened in diaphysis.

Question 9

What are the characteristics of cancellous bone?

Answer 9

Spongy network of trabeculae
Located on interior of bone
Located at articular ends of the bones.

Question 10

What is an epiphysis?

Answer 10

Ends of long bones that develop from secondary ossification sites.

Question 11

What is diaphysis?

Answer 11

Shaft which is the primary ossification centre of the bone.

Question 12

What is metaphysis?

Answer 12

Expanded, flared up ends of the shaft.

Question 13

What are the features of fibrous joints?

Answer 13

Fibrous tissue
No joint cavity
Permit little movement

Question 14

Examples of fibrous joints?

Answer 14

Sutures - flat bones of the skull

Syndesmoses - inferior tibiofibular

Question 15

What are the features of cartilaginous joints?

Answer 15

Cartilage
No joint cavity
Primary cartilaginous joints
Secondary cartilaginous joints

Question 16

What are the features of primary cartilaginous joints and examples?

Answer 16

Hyaline cartilage
No movement
Allows growth in length
e.g. epiphyseal growth plate
manubriosternal synchondroses

Question 17

What are the features of secondary cartilaginous joints and examples?

Answer 17

Fibrocartilage
Slightly moveable
e.g. pubic symphysis
intervertebral discs.

Question 18

What are the features of synovial joints?

Answer 18

Great degree of free movement
Joint cavity
Synovial membrane
Articular cartilage
Articular capsule

Question 19

What are plane joints?

Answer 19

Two flat articulating surfaces
Simple gliding or sliding movement
e.g. inter tarsal joints & sternoclavicular

Question 20

What are hinge joints?

Answer 20

Door hinge
Flexion & extension
e.g. Elbow, ankle & inter pharyngeal joints.

Question 21

What are pivot joints?

Answer 21

Central bony pivot turning within bony ring
Rotation
e.g. atlantoaxial joint & radioulnar

Question 22

What are saddle joints?

Answer 22

Flexion, extension. abduction, adduction & circumduction.
e.g. carpometacarpal (thumb) joint

Question 23

What are condyloid joints?

Answer 23

2 convex articulating with 2 concave.
Flexion and extension
e.g. wrist, knee & atlantooccipital joints

Question 24

What are ball-socket joints?

Answer 24

Ball head and cup cavity
All movement
e.g. shoulder & hip joint.

Question 25

What is a skeletal muscle and what are its functions?

Answer 25

``` Voluntary & striated muscle - produce movement - generates body heat - maintains posture 2 attachments - origin & insertion ```

Question 26

What are tendons?

Answer 26

Fibrous bands that connect muscle to bone. - allows muscles to act at a distance - allows changes in line of pull - stores elastic energy

Question 27

Example of a circular muscle?

Answer 27

Orbicularis orbis

Question 28

Example of a convergent muscle?

Answer 28

Pectoralis major

Question 29

Example of parallel (fusiform) muscle?

Answer 29

Biceps brachii

Question 30

Example of parallel (non-fusiform) muscle?

Answer 30

Sartorius

Question 31

Example of unipennate muscle?

Answer 31

Extensor digitorum

Question 32

Example of bipinnate muscle?

Answer 32

Rectus femoris

Question 33

Example of multipennate muscle?

Answer 33

Deltoid

Question 34

Define agonist muscles?

Answer 34

The primary muscle involved in a movement of muscles.

Question 35

Define synergist muscles?

Answer 35

The associated muscles that aid the movement of the agonist muscles.

Question 36

Define antagonist muscles?

Answer 36

Action is opposite to that of agonist muscle.

Question 37

What is a cartilage-line groove?

Answer 37

Tendons run along this. e.g. groove for fibularis longus

Question 38

What is a sesamoid bone?

Answer 38

Bones contained within tendons | e.g. patella

Question 39

What is a bursa?

Answer 39

Fluid filled flattened sacs of synovial membrane that reduces friction. e.g. supra patellar bursa.