Block 5 Anatomy Flashcards
What is the axial skeleton?
Skull
Vertebral column
Ribs
Sternum
What is the appendicular skeleton?
Shoulder girdle
Upper limb
Pelvic girdle
Lower limb
What is the feature, function and example of long bone?
Cylinder-like shape, longer than it is wide.
Leverage
Radius, femur, metacarpals, phalanges
What is the feature, function and example of short bone?
Cube-like shape, approximately equal in length, width and thickness.
Stability, support & allows motion.
Tarsals, carpals.
What is the feature, function and example of flat bone?
Thin and curved.
Muscle attachment, protects internal organs.
Scapulae, sternum, cranial bones.
What is the feature, function and example of irregular bones?
Complex shape.
Protects internal organs.
Vertebrae, facial bones.
What is the feature, function and example of pneumatic bones?
Contain air-filled spaces.
Reduce overall weight, distribution forces, maintain tone of voice.
Mailla, ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal, mastoid.
What are the characteristics of compact bone?
Dense
Forms surface of bone
Thickened in diaphysis.
What are the characteristics of cancellous bone?
Spongy network of trabeculae
Located on interior of bone
Located at articular ends of the bones.
What is an epiphysis?
Ends of long bones that develop from secondary ossification sites.
What is diaphysis?
Shaft which is the primary ossification centre of the bone.
What is metaphysis?
Expanded, flared up ends of the shaft.
What are the features of fibrous joints?
Fibrous tissue
No joint cavity
Permit little movement
Examples of fibrous joints?
Sutures - flat bones of the skull
Syndesmoses - inferior tibiofibular
What are the features of cartilaginous joints?
Cartilage
No joint cavity
Primary cartilaginous joints
Secondary cartilaginous joints
What are the features of primary cartilaginous joints and examples?
Hyaline cartilage No movement Allows growth in length e.g. epiphyseal growth plate manubriosternal synchondroses
What are the features of secondary cartilaginous joints and examples?
Fibrocartilage
Slightly moveable
e.g. pubic symphysis
intervertebral discs.
What are the features of synovial joints?
Great degree of free movement Joint cavity Synovial membrane Articular cartilage Articular capsule
What are plane joints?
Two flat articulating surfaces
Simple gliding or sliding movement
e.g. inter tarsal joints & sternoclavicular
What are hinge joints?
Door hinge
Flexion & extension
e.g. Elbow, ankle & inter pharyngeal joints.
What are pivot joints?
Central bony pivot turning within bony ring
Rotation
e.g. atlantoaxial joint & radioulnar
What are saddle joints?
Flexion, extension. abduction, adduction & circumduction.
e.g. carpometacarpal (thumb) joint
What are condyloid joints?
2 convex articulating with 2 concave.
Flexion and extension
e.g. wrist, knee & atlantooccipital joints
What are ball-socket joints?
Ball head and cup cavity
All movement
e.g. shoulder & hip joint.
What is a skeletal muscle and what are its functions?
Voluntary & striated muscle - produce movement - generates body heat - maintains posture 2 attachments - origin & insertion
What are tendons?
Fibrous bands that connect muscle to bone.
- allows muscles to act at a distance
- allows changes in line of pull
- stores elastic energy
Example of a circular muscle?
Orbicularis orbis
Example of a convergent muscle?
Pectoralis major
Example of parallel (fusiform) muscle?
Biceps brachii
Example of parallel (non-fusiform) muscle?
Sartorius
Example of unipennate muscle?
Extensor digitorum
Example of bipinnate muscle?
Rectus femoris
Example of multipennate muscle?
Deltoid
Define agonist muscles?
The primary muscle involved in a movement of muscles.
Define synergist muscles?
The associated muscles that aid the movement of the agonist muscles.
Define antagonist muscles?
Action is opposite to that of agonist muscle.
What is a cartilage-line groove?
Tendons run along this. e.g. groove for fibularis longus
What is a sesamoid bone?
Bones contained within tendons
e.g. patella
What is a bursa?
Fluid filled flattened sacs of synovial membrane that reduces friction. e.g. supra patellar bursa.
