Block 4 Pharmacology

Question 1

Hydroxocobalamin - class

Answer 1

Vitamin B12 precursor

Question 2

Hydroxocobalamin - MoA

Answer 2

Cofactor for conversion of L-methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA.
Hb production, fat and carbohydrate metabolism and myelin formation.

Question 3

Hydroxocobalamin - uses

Answer 3

Pernicious anaemia and B12 deficiency

Question 4

Folic acid - class

Answer 4

Vitamin B family member

Question 5

Folic acid - MoA

Answer 5

Stimulates haematopoiesis and is DNA precursor.

Question 6

Folic acid - uses

Answer 6

Folic acid deficiency and megaloblastic anaemia.

Question 7

Ferrous sulphate - class

Answer 7

Iron

Question 8

Ferrous sulphate - MoA

Answer 8

Production of Hb

Question 9

Ferrous sulphate - uses

Answer 9

Iron-deficiency anaemia

Question 10

Azathioprine - class

Answer 10

Purine synthesis inhibitor

Question 11

Azathioprine - MoA

Answer 11

Converted to mercaptopurine, which inhibits DNA synthesis -> prevents clonal proliferation.
Incorporation of thiopurine in DNA structure -> chain termination and cytotoxicity.

Question 12

Azathioprine - uses

Answer 12

RA, transplant rejections and Crohn’s.

Question 13

Cyclosporine - class

Answer 13

Immunosuppressant - cyclophilin inhibitor

Question 14

Cyclosporine - MoA

Answer 14

Binds to cyclophilin and inhibits calcineurin, which inhibits IL-2 transcription -> reduces proliferation of T cells.

Question 15

Cyclosporine - uses

Answer 15

Transplant rejections and RA

Question 16

Clopidogrel - class

Answer 16

ADP antagonist

Question 17

Clopidogrel - MoA

Answer 17

Irreversibly inhibits P2Y12 ADP receptor -> blocks binding site and prevents ADP binding to platelet receptor -> prevents platelet aggregation.

Question 18

Clopidogrel - uses

Answer 18

Reduces risk of stroke and MI

Question 19

Heparin - class

Answer 19

Anticoagulant

Question 20

Heparin - MoA

Answer 20

Binds antithrombin III -> increases rate of thrombin and factor X inactivation -> inhibits thrombosis
Prolongs APTT

Question 21

Heparin - uses

Answer 21

Prophylaxis and venous thrombosis

Question 22

Lepirudin - class

Answer 22

Direct thrombin inhibitor

Question 23

Lepirudin - MoA

Answer 23

Binds thrombin and removes ability to cleave fibrinogen and activate cascade.
Replaced by dabigatran and apixaban.

Question 24

Prednisolone - class

Answer 24

Immunosuppressant - glucocorticoid receptor agonist

SAID

Question 25

Prednisolone - MoA

Answer 25

Binds receptors and enters cell nucleus and suppresses IL-2 expression and reduces phospholipase A2 activity.

Question 26

Tetanus vaccine - class

Answer 26

Live antibodies

Question 27

Tetanus vaccine - MoA

Answer 27

Inactive vaccine -> induces weaker IR

Question 28

Warfarin - class

Answer 28

Vitamin K antagonist

Question 29

Warfarin - MoA

Answer 29

Inhibits vitamin K reductase, which is required to make factors 2, 7, 9 and 10 + protein C and S -> reduces ability to clot.

Question 30

Warfarin - uses

Answer 30

Venous thrombosis, thromboembolism, PE and prevention of ischaemic stoke in AF.

Question 31

Chlorphenamine - class

Answer 31

Antihistamine

Question 32

Chlorphenamine - MoA

Answer 32

Inhibits H1 receptors -> blocks histamine activity.

Question 33

Chlorphenamine - uses

Answer 33

Rhinitis, allergy, asthma

Question 34

Diclofenac - class

Answer 34

NSAID - COX inhibitor

Question 35

Diclofenac - MoA

Answer 35

Inhibits COX -> inhibits peripheral prostaglandin release -> reduces inflammation.
Antipyretic.

Question 36

Diclofenac - uses

Answer 36

Pain, dysmenorrhea and ocular inflammation

Question 37

Epinephrine/adrenaline - class

Answer 37

Adrenoceptor agonist

Question 38

Epinephrine/adrenaline - MoA

Answer 38

Stimulates alpha, beta adrenergic receptors -> increases vasodilation, increases vascular permeability and bronchial smooth muscle relaxation -> alleviates bronchospasm.

Question 39

Epinephrine/adrenaline - uses

Answer 39

Anaphylaxis and sepsis

Question 40

Hydrocortisone - class

Answer 40

Glucocorticoid nuclear receptor agonist (anti-inflammatory)

SAID

Question 41

Hydrocortisone - MoA

Answer 41

Binding to receptor causes increased lipocortin, which is an inhibitor of phospholipase A2 -> reduces inflammation.

Question 42

Hydrocortisone - uses

Answer 42

Immune and allergic disorders