blended - carboxylic acids and their derivatives Flashcards
are carboxylic acids, acids
weak acids
(only partially dissociate)
why is a carboxylic acid a weak acid
hydrogen from the carboxyl group can be donated
This delocalisation of charge stabilises the carboxylate ion and the following equilibrium occurs.
how to make aliphatic carboxylic acids
primary alcohol + [O]
aldehyde + [O]
(ethanol + acidified potassium dichromate)
heat + reflux
what do we use to reduce carboxylic acids
lithium tetrahydridoaluminate
what is used to decarboxylate
Soda lime + heat
how can esters be made
- from carboxylic acids + alcohol
- from acid anhydride + alcohol
how to get ester from carboxylic acid
Catalyst: H₂SO₄
Conditions: reflux
how to get ester from acid anhydride
Catalyst: none
conditions: gently heat
how to make carboxylic acids from ester
hydrolysis
catalyst: dilute sulphuric acid
conditions: reflux
or
catalyst: aqueous sodium hydroxide
conditions: reflux
what do you get when you hydrolyse esters
carboxylic acid
how to convert carboxylic acid to amide
- acid + ammonia
heat - heat with urea
how to convert amide into nitrile
heat with P₄O₁₀
formation of nitrile
halogenoalkane + KCN
conditions: reflux
nuc sub
formation of hydroxynitrile
aldehyde/ketone + -CN⁻
how to make a carboxylic acid from a nitrile
hydrolysis
reflux + H₂SO₄
