Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Skin Radiation therapy > Bladder urethra cancer > Flashcards

Bladder urethra cancer Flashcards

1
Q 
the ureters enter the bladder through the \_\_\_\_wall of the bladder.
A.superior
B.inferior
C.anterior
D.posterior
A

D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q 
the bladder is posterior to the:
A.ilium
B. pubis bone
C.Sacrum
D.orbutrator foramen
A

B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q 
the lymphatics of the bladder include:
A. Internal iliac 
B. paraaortic 
C. external iliac
D. common iliac
E. inguinal Ln
A

A,C,D

**the bladder also drains to the pelvic LN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

which is true regarding the epidemiology of bladder cancer?
A. more common in F than M
B. more common in M than F
C. 4th most common cancer in M
D. more likely to occur in younger patients

A

B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q 
Primary symptom of bladder cancer?
A.painless hematuria
B.flank pain
C.palpable abdominal mass
D.urinary tract infection
A

A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q 
most common histology of bladder cancer is:
A.. adenocarcinoma
B.SCC
C. transitional cell carcinoma
D. clear cell carcinoma
A

C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q 
The most common site within the bladder for cancer is:
A. Base
B.trigone
C.aoex
d.posterior wall
A

B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q 
what is true regarding EBRT to the bladder?
A.commonly used with Cx
B.4 field beam arrangement
C. preferred modality of treatment
D.Treat GTV to 65-70Gy
E.superior border is T10
A

A,B,D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q 
in order to - toxicity to normal structures you would instruct the patient to \_\_\_\_\_ during their boost treatment for bladder cancer
A. fill their bladder
B. empty their bladder
C. fill their rectum
D. empty their rectum
A

A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

bladder cancer is _ most common cancer in men and _ most common cancer in women

A

4th, 8th

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

cancer incidence M:F :

A

4:1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Chemicals that increase the risk of bladder cancer

A

Bensidine, Naphthylamine (arylamines)

  • Cyclophosphamide
  • Hair dyes
  • Coffee/Artificial sweetener
  • Diesel exhaust
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

things that + risk of bladder cancer

A

smoking, chronic UTI’s, chemical exposures, previous XRT and Schistosomiasis haematobium (related to SCC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

in men what structure separates the upper part of the bladder and the rectum
what does it separate in women

A

the retrovesical pouch

separates the bladder from the uterus in women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what separates the lower part of the apex of the bladder from the rectum in men

A

the seminal vesicles and the deferent duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

shape of the bladder when empty

A

tetrahedral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

the apex of the bladder is connected to the umbilicus by____

A

middle umbilical ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

the sigmoid colon and the small intestine lies ____

bladder

A

superior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

3 layers of the bladder

A

Transitional epithelium (aka urothelium) + Lamina Propria
Muscularis Propria
Perivesical fat + peritoneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

length of the bladder trigone

A

contracted =2.5cm

distanede =5cm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

in men the bladder neck rests on the _____.

A

prostate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

whats the bladder trigone?

A

(the triangular portion of the bladder formed by the opening of the ureters and urethra orifice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what type of tissue is mostly involved in bladder cancer?

A

epithelial tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

tumour progression

A

The most common areas affected are the lateral walls and the bladder dome. Can also spread locally into the urethra, prostate, upper vagina, and rectum. Often spread out through the bladder and not always confined to one area. Some patients may present with a lesion on the ant and post sides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
bladder cancer is usually presented _____.
early
26
Distant mets in bladder cancer
lung liver and bone
27
most common presentation in bladder cancer
painless hematuria
28
clinical presentation of bladder cancer
Painless haematuria Urinary irritation (frequency, urgency, dysuria) Urinary retention Frequent infections
29
pathologies of bladder cancer
a) Transitional Cell Carcinoma (92%) b) SCC (6%) c) Adenocarcinoma (2%)
30
4 morphologies of bladder cancer
Papillary (70%) Papillary Infiltrating Solid Infiltrating Non-papillary, non-infiltrating or carcinoma in situ
31
staging system for bladder cancer
``` TNM Superficial 75-85% T0-non invasive papillary Tis-flat carcinoma non-invasive T1-invades lamina proper ``` invasive 15-25% T2- invades muscle T3-invades perivesical tissue T4-invades surrounding organs
32
regional LN spread
internal and external iliac and pre sacral Ln
33
what spread is common after the tumour has invaded muscle
Perineural invasion and lymphatic or blood vessel invasion
34
LN drainage
The bladder including the trigone drains to the internal iliac nodes, however; there is the possibility of spread to the obturator nodes and the external iliac nodes. From these nodes, they progress to the common iliac and paraaortic lymph nodes.
35
rationale for surgery
Used as a PRIMARY treatment for Superficial disease and Stage III Invasive disease(if partial or no response to chemo) Also used to salvage recurrences after radical RT
36
gold standard surgery for bladder cancer
radical cystectomy
37
radical cystectomy procedure for men vs women
in men it removes the bladder, prostate and the seminal vesicles in women it removes bladder, upper vagina, uterus, cervix fallopian tube and ovaries the urethra is removed in both women and men with high risk disease
38
ileal conduit procedure
Take out the bowel, use as a hose. Run the hose to the skin and hook up ureters to the end of the hose
39
Indiana pouch procedure
Make an internal pouch. The patient has to drain it several times a day and it is prone to infections but its better than a bag
40
palliative surgery
resections are not used for bulky disease | these patients might use ill conduit for patients with inflamed and irritated badder
41
indications XRT
Used as a PRIMARY treatment for Stage II Invasive disease or Stage III invasive if complete response to chemotherapy
42
Phases of XRT
PHASE I 40/20 to the bladder +/- pelvic LNs PHASE II 20/10 to a smaller volume
43
Indications chemotherapy
Used NEOADJUVANTLY in Stage III Invasive disease to debulk Used as a PRIMARY CONCURRENT treatment with XRT in Stage IV Invasive disease Used as an ADJUVANT treatment in Superficial disease and Stage II Invasive disease
44
chemo agent
cisplatinum
45
stage 1 bladder cancer treatmenr
Primary: Surgery (TURBT) | Adjuvant: BCG(immunotherapy) or Intravesical Chemotherapy (directly into bladder)
46
stage 2 bladder cancer treatment
STAGE II Primary: Radical Cystectomy OR XRT with concurrent cisplatin (if organ present or unfit for surgery) Adjuvant: Chemotherapy (high risk or node positive)
47
stage 3 bladder cancer treatment
Neoadjuvant: Chemotherapy (Debulk) Primary: If complete response to chemo → Chemorads If partial or no response to chemo → Surgery (Radical Cystectomy)
48
stage 4 bladder cancer treatment
Primary: Chemotherapy
49
scan limits of bladder cancer
Sup Border : L3-L4 Inf Border: 5cm inf of ischial tuberosities
50
field borders for bladder cancer
Sup: L5/S1 (if having concurrent chemo) OR L4/L5 to include common iliac nodes Inf: Bottom of obturator foramen Lat: 1.5-2.0cm beyond widest extent of pelvic brim Ant: 1.0-1.5 cm ant to symphysis pubis which includes the bladder with a 1.5 cm margin Post: 2.0-2.5 cm post to visualized bladder
51
shielding for bladder cancer
``` AP/PA FIELD (4 CORNERS) SUP corners: Small bowel INF corners: femoral head and neck LAT FIELD Small bowel, rectum, anal canal ```
52
dose for bladder cancer
Whole Pelvis – 40/20 (4 weeks) Bladder Boost – 20/10 (2 weeks) TOTAL – 60/30 (6 weeks) 200 cGy per day
53
target volume of bladder XRT
Entire Bladder | Internal and External Iliac nodes
54
where does the bladder lie when empty?
in the true pelvis
55
what subtype of bladder cancer remains superficial which is more invasive?
papillary tumours are superficial and solid lesions are usually invasive
56
diagnostic methods bladder cancer
CBC, liver function, urine analysis, urine cytology, Biopsies of bladder and urethra, IVpyelogram, CT or MRI of pelvis and abdomen pelvic/rectal exam
57
staging systems in bladder cancer
marshall staging and TNM of the AJCC system
58
most common morphological subtype of bladder cancer
papillary
59
Marshall system of classification
A- = T1 of AJCC- tumour invades sub epithelia connective tissue B1- =T2a of AJCC-tumour invades superficial muscular proper B2-T2b of AJCC tumour invades deep muscular propirA C-T3 of AJCC tumour invades perivesical tissue D1- T4 of AJCC tumour invades uterus, vagina, pelvic wall, abdominal wall or prostatic stroma
60
dose of XRT alone
64-68Gy
61
what % of bladder ca are associated with smoking ?
50-80 %
62
what % bladder ca are associated with occupatial exposures
20%
63
latency period from occupational exposure to bladder cancer?
15 years

Skin Radiation therapy (40 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions