Bladder cancer Flashcards
What is the most common cancer in the UK?
Lung
What is incidence?
Number of new cases in a period
What is prevalence?
Number of new cases in a population at a particular point in time
(low in lung cancer because lots of people die from it)
Who is at risk of bladder cancer?
Older men
What are risk factors for bladder cancer?
Smoking (black tobacco), occupation (eg rubbers, dyes, oils, greases industry), aromatic amines, iatrogenic, microbiome, pollution, developed world
Why do you get bladder cancer if you smoke
Pee out carcinogens, they sit in bladder for hours.
What causes mesothelioma?
Asbestos
What is schistosomiasis?
Disease caused by parasitic worms.
Larval forms released by freshwater snails penetrate the skin during contact with infested water.
In body, larvae develop and live in blood vessels. Release eggs, some pass out in faeces or urine, others are trapped in body tissues causing immune reactions and damage.
What kind of cell changes can schistosomiasis cause to someone developing bladder cancer?
Squamous cell carcinoma
Response to chemotherapy depends a lot on your c____ m______
colonic microbiome
What are the 3 main sorts of bladder cancer?
Urothelial (aka transitional, from smoking, rubber, dyes, etc.)
Squamous cell carcinoma (inflammatory, schistosomiasis, chronic UTIs or bladder stones)
Adenocarcinoma: less common, develops from glandular cells in bladder lining, associated with urachal anomalies)
Where can transitional cell (urothelial) carcinoma occur?
Bladder
Renal pelvis
Ureters
Urethra
What do those with bladder cancer present with?
Painless haematuria
Can be
Burning/stinging during urination
How do you diagnose bladder cancer?
Flexible cystoscopy (gold standard)
MSU (urine sample) to check for infection
Cytology (to check for malignant cells)
Routine blood test (check if anaemic, kidney function and clotting)
USS (to check if kidney cancer)
CT scan
What staging system is used for bladder cancer?
TNM
Tumour
Node
Metastasis
