Bladder cancer

Question 1

What are the risk factors

Answer 1

Smoking
Increased age
Aromatic amines used in dye and rubber industries
Schistosomiasis

Question 2

What is the most common type? Second most common?

Answer 2

Transitional cell carcinoma 90%
SCC 5%

Question 3

What is the presentation

Answer 3

Painless haematuria

Question 4

Indications for 2 week wait referral?

Answer 4

> 45 with unexplained visible haematuria
60 with non visible haematuria plus dysuria or raised WCC on FBC

Question 5

How is non-muscle invasive bladder cancer graded?

Answer 5

Tis/carcinoma in situ - only affecting urothelium and flat
Ta - only affects urothelium and projecting into the bladder
T1 - invades connective tissues layer beyond urothelium but not the muscle layer

Question 6

What are treatment options for non muscle invasive bladder cancer?

Answer 6

TURBT - transurethral resection of bladder tumour
Intravesical chemotherapy after TURBT to reduce risk of recurrence

Question 7

What are other options for treatment of bladder cancer?

Answer 7

Intravesical BCG
Radical cystectomy
Chemo
Radiotherapy

Question 8

What are options for draining urine following a cystectomy?

Answer 8

Urostomy - ileal conduit
Continent Urinary Diversion
Neobladder reconstruction
Ureterosigmoidostomy