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FOR BOARDS > black and yellow > Flashcards

black and yellow Flashcards

1
Q

1 mSv is equal to ___ rem

A

0.1 rem

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2
Q

if the total body is exposed to a dose of 4500 cGy in a single exposure, the most likely cause of death would be

A

cerebral edema

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3
Q

by what factor does the intensity decrease when someone moved from 10 meters to 20 meters away from a radioactive source

A

4

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4
Q

what is the allowable cumulative exposure for a radiation worker

A

one rem times the worker’s age in years

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5
Q

what is a interaction between an incident photon and a atomic nucleus

A

pair production

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6
Q

a star shot on a linear accelerator is performed to test the rotational axis of the :

A

collimator, couch, gantry

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7
Q

the average photon beam energy produced by a 6 MV linear accelerator is approximately ___

A

2 Mv

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8
Q

which tissues arise from mesenchymal stem cells

A

blood, cartilage, bone

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9
Q

in bremsstrahlung radiation, the incoming electron

A

is deflected by the nucleus of the atom

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10
Q

exposure is

A

measure of ionization in air

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11
Q

which does not ionize directly

A

neutron

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12
Q

the half life of cobalt is

A

5.3 years

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13
Q

linear accelerators have which of the following type of target

A

transmission

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14
Q

klystrons and magnetrons are

A

microwave sources

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15
Q

lead alone could be used in room shielding when the following interactions predominate

A

photoelectric

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16
Q

the angle of the mandible is generally located at which cervical vertabrae

A

c3

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17
Q

monitoring of dose rate and field symmetry is best accomplished by using a

A

ion chamber

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18
Q

in the pancreas where do most tumors originate

A

head

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19
Q

effects for which the severity of the effect in the individual varies with the radiation dose, and a threshold usually exists is called

A

deterministic

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20
Q

what devices are used for area surveys

A

ionization chambers and parallel-plate chambers

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21
Q

according to the NRC regulations, what is the MPD for those who are NOT trained radiation workers

A

0.1 rem/year

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22
Q

what is the largest paranasal sinus cavity

A

maxillary

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23
Q

what is purpose of the scattering foil in a linear accelerator?

A

provide uniform electron fluence

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24
Q

photoelectric interactions of a 60 keV beam are greatest in

A

bone

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25
Q

which of the following structures is most radiosensitive (susceptible to long term damage at the lowest dose)?

A

lung

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26
Q

where is sarcoma most likely to metastasize?

A

lung

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27
Q

with breast cancer which of the following patterns of lymph node drainage occurs most often

A

axillary

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28
Q

the most common site for metastatic spread of carcinoma of the penis is the

A

inguinal nodes

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29
Q

hypo fractionation is

A

treatment given in fewer fractions than standard

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30
Q

the epiglottis is a flap of cartilage that folds back to cover the entrance of the

A

larynx

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31
Q

the inguinal lymph nodes are generally included in which of the following treatment sites

A

vulva

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32
Q

nasopharyngeal tumors drain through what lymph node group first

A

posterior cervical

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33
Q

what is the most common site of spinal cord compression

A

thoracic spine

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34
Q

the tolerance dose of the whole liver using standard fractionation is

A

2500-3000 cGy

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35
Q

the degree of cellular differentiation and rate of tumor growth is the

A

grade

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36
Q

a multiple field technique is generally utilized when treating pituitary tumors, opposed to two lateral fields, to avoid an excessive dose to which of the following structures

A

temporal lobes

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37
Q

the common iliac nodes are generally found around the level of

A

L5

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38
Q

what external landmark can be used to localize the top of the larynx

A

thyroid prominence

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39
Q

when treating the maxillary antrum, which neighboring structure is most sensitive

A

eye

40
Q

the trachea bifurcates at the level of

A

T4/T5

41
Q

what external landmark can be used to locate the carina

A

angle of louis

42
Q

the vallecula is located at the level of which of the following anatomical structures

A

hyoid bone

43
Q

the inferior border of the larynx port for a vocal cord carcinoma should anatomically correspond to

A

cricoid cartilage

44
Q

if you are using a gonad shield when treating a patient with seminoma on a 6 MV linear accelerator, why can’t all of the scatter to the testicles be eliminated

A

internal scatter from the patient cannot be eliminated

45
Q

the patient’s chin is tilted down when treating a pituitary gland to avoid the

A

eyes

46
Q

what areas are generally encompassed in a German helmet radiation port when treating acute lymphocytic leukemia

A

cribiform plate, meninges, posterior retina

47
Q

a strontium 90 applicator may be useful in the treatment of which of the following diseases of the eye

A

pterygium

48
Q

the tolerance dose for the whole brain using standard fractionation is approximately

A

4500 cGy

49
Q

which of the fooling is the most radiosensitive structure

A

liver

50
Q

a non osseous tumor of the bone marrow is

A

multiple myeloma

51
Q

the false vocal cords are located __ to the glottis

A

superior

52
Q

what fraction would you multiply an electron energy by to estimate the 90% isodose range

A

1/4

53
Q

why is a tumor of the parotid gland frequently treated with a ipsilateral beam arrangement

A

to avoid the other parotid

54
Q

what is the therapeutic ratio if the normal tissue tolerance is 5000 cGy and the lethal dose for the tumor is 4000 cGy

A

1.25

55
Q

backscatter factors are independent of

A

SSD

56
Q

the largest salivary gland in the head and neck is the

A

parotid

57
Q

the practical range for 18 MeV electrons is

A

9 cm

58
Q

the most common presentation of superior vena cava syndrome is

A

distended veins in the head and neck

59
Q

the rapid fall off of dose around a cesium 137 source in a 5 cm radius of tissue is primarily due to

A

the inverse square law

60
Q

when manipulating a CT image, increasing the width of the window:

A

decreases contrast and increases latitude

61
Q

the amount of energy transferred to a material per unit length of travel

A

LET

62
Q

what is the dose at which you generally reduce the field off cord when treating a head and neck cancer

A

4500-5000 cGy

63
Q

RBE is dependent on which of the following

A

radiation quality, radiation dose per fraction, tissue irradiated

64
Q

when dealing with OER and anoxic tissue which would be the most effective

A

protons

65
Q

what normal organ would be at most risk when treating a maxillary sinus tumor

A

eye

66
Q

what is the most potent chemical modifier of radiosensitivity to X and gamma rays

A

oxygen

67
Q

which of the following is required for fabricating custom cut blocks

A

source image distance and source to block tray distance

68
Q

two wedges are used to treat a maxillary antrum tumor through an anterior and lateral port. what part of the wedges should be adjacent

A

thick side anterior to thick side laterally

69
Q

to verify that the radiation field and the light field are aligned on a 10 Mv linear accelerator you could use the following

A

readi-pak xray film, a pen, and a ruler

70
Q

for photon energies between 0.150 MeV and 10 Mev the predominant type of interaction is

A

compton

71
Q

what is the main advantage of using cerrobend over lead in custom blocking

A

it has lower melting point

72
Q

portal verification is defined as the documentation of

A

the actual treatment using film or electronic imaging devices

73
Q

you have an extremely large patient and you must treat two lateral pelvic fields. what technique will give you the most even dose distribution through out the treatment fields

A

SSD technique, moving the treatment table as far away from the source as possible

74
Q

the standard amount of time that should elapse between two radiation therapy treatments given in the same day to the same site is

A

6 hours

75
Q

MV portal films taken on a mega voltage machine have less contrast than kV films because the MV image results principally from

A

Compton interaction

76
Q

after what time period would fibrosis generally appear following standard external beam therapy

A

one year

77
Q

when treating the parotid gland with standard fractionation what is the tolerance dose that patients will develop xerostemia

A

2500-3500 cGy

78
Q

when treating a patient with glioblastoma, he begins to experience nausea, dizziness, and blurred vision. which is the most likely reason

A

cerebral edema

79
Q

deodorants should not be used on the skin within a radiation treatment field because the deodorants will

A

irritate sensitive skin

80
Q

written defamation of character is best known as

A

libel

81
Q

the normal platelet count is approximately

A

300,000 cc

82
Q

bone marrow depression is most likely to occur when you are treating which part of the body

A

pelvic bones

83
Q

the purpose of protective reverse isolation is

A

to protect in uninfected patient with lowered resistance

84
Q

the two major energies associated with cobalt 60 beta decay are gamma energies of

A

1.17 and 1.33 MeV

85
Q

the 80% isodose line can be estimated for electrons by dividing the energy by

A

3

86
Q

if you compare the penumbra of a 6 mv linear accelerator operating in photon mode to the penumbra of a co60 teletherapy machine using the same ssd, what is true

A

the 6 mv linear accelerator has less penumbra than the co 60

87
Q

percentage depth dose increases with

A

field size, ssd, and energy

88
Q

for radiation workers the occupational dose is usually reported in

A

rem

89
Q

which has the least radiosensitivity

A

mature cartilage

90
Q

where are pan coast tumors located

A

mediastinum

91
Q

the most radiosensitive stage of the cell cycle is

A

mitosis

92
Q

the most common presenting signs of Wilms tumor is

A

non tender mass

93
Q

in general when treating with radiation the proximal and distal margin around a soft tissue sarcoma should be at least

A

5 cm

94
Q

the practical range of an electron beam

A

increases with increasing electron energy, about 1 cm for every 2 Mev, and about one half of the electron energy

95
Q

mayneord’s factor is a correction for which of the following

A

distance

96
Q

in a 120 degree arc rotation technique, the center of the high dose zone would be

A

displaced towards the surface

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