Bioterrorism Flashcards
1
Q
What is bioterrorism?
A
unlawful use or threatened use of microorganisms or toxins derived from living organisms to produce death or disease in humans, plants or animals.
2
Q
The act of bioterrorism is intended to do what?
A
create fear and intimidate governments or society in pursuit of political, religious or ideological goals.
3
Q
What was the first recorded large scale act involving international disease spread? when was this?
A
In 1356 during the siege of kaffa when the Tartar army hurled its plague-ridden dead over the walls of the besieged city.
4
Q
In 1763 what bioterrorism events was believed to have occured?
A
During the French and Indian war there was evidence to suggest that an English General intentionally gave blankets contaminated with small pox scabs to Native Americans loyal to the French. Causing an epidemic that decimated the tribes
5
Q
What bioterrorism event were the Germans responsible for in WWII?
A
They had a bioweapons program in which they intentionally infected horses and other transport animals with agents of anthrax and glanders.
6
Q
Soon after WWI the Geneva protocol was signed banning what?
A
biological weapons
7
Q
All countries at the Geneva convention signed the Geneva protocol except whom?
A
Japan
8
Q
Shortly before WWII Japanese bioweapons program produced agents to cause what?
A
anthrax, plaque, cholera and shigellosis
9
Q
Field experiments of Japanese bioweapons were conducted on whom?
A
Chinese prisoners of war and civilians; tens of thousands dies in result of this testing
10
Q
One of Japanese bioweapon field test shortly before WWII including dropping what? Doing what?
A
dropping ceramic bomblets containg plaque-infected fleas and grain on Chinese cities including Nanking. The grain attracted rats which were bitten by fleas and subsequently infected with plaque. This allowed disease to spread into the human population.
11
Q
The Geneva convention was held what year?
A
1925 (in between WWI and WWII)
12
Q
When reports of Japan’s bioweapons program started filtering in what was the presidnet’s response?
A
To launch a research program on biological agents
13
Q
Who was the president who launched a research program on biological agents? what year?
A
President Roosevelt in 1941
14
Q
Who was George W. Merck?
A
was in charge of Merck Pharmaceuticals and was named the head of the Army’s chemical warfare Service under President Roosevelt.
15
Q
When did THe US publicly announce its involvement in bioweapon research?
A
1946
16
Q
What president limited biological weapon research to defensive purposes only after the World Health Organization issued a report describing the unpredictibility of bioweapons? What year?
A
President Nixon in 1969
17
Q
In 1969 President Nixon does what?
A
Eliminated offensive biological warfare program and limits it to defensive purposes only.
18
Q
In 1972 the biological weapons Convention Treaty called for what?
A
all countries to destroy their stocks of bioweapons and cease all offensive bioweapon research
19
Q
The biological Weapons Convention Treaty was signed by whom?
A
103 nations including the U.S. and the former Soviet Union
20
Q
What does WHO stand for?
A
World Health Organization
21
Q
Because of concern of laboratory-acquired small pox infections, the WHO recommeded consolidating all variola virus stocks. Officially only 2 laboratories retained stocks of small pox. where are these two laboratories?
A
1) In the U.S.
2) In Russia
22
Q
in 1979 what was accidentally released at a bioweapon research facility in Sverdlosk, U.S.S.R ? Causing how many deaths
A
Bacillus anthraccis spores; causing atleast 68 deaths due to inhalation anthrax
23
Q
What does U.S.S.R stand for?
A
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
24
Q
When a bioweapon was accidentally released in 1979 at a research facility in Sverdlosk, U.S.S.R most cases occured with in how many day? This incubation period has ramifications of what?
A
most cases occured with in 2-5 days following accident although some had incubation period up to 43 days; This long incubation period has ramifications for antibiotic post-exposure prophylaxis
25
In the early 1990s during the breakup of the former Soviet Union, scientist involved in bioweapons research did what?
Defected to the west and began discussing their activities with Western government officials
26
Has the U.S experienced bioterrorism events prior to the anthrax release that occured in the fall of 2001?
Yes
27
Members of the Rajneeshee cult in Oregon experimented with various bioweapon prior to their 1984 act of bioterrorism. What was their act of bioterrorism? What was the purpose?
Deliberately contaminated salad bar of local restaurants with Salmonella typhimurium; the cult sought to influence the outcome of upcoming municipal elections.
28
The bioweapon's attack by Raineeshee cult in Oregon caused illness to how many? did their attack achieve their goal?
over 700 people; no they still list the election
29
In Minnesota the year of 1992 what bioterrorism event occured?
Members of Minnesota Patriots Council, a militia group, planned to kill local authorities with ricin, a potent toxin obtained from castor beans
30
What bioterrorism event occured in fall of 2001?
Bacillus anthracis spores were placed in at least 7 envelopes passing through U.S. mail facilities in Florida, Washington D.C., New York and New Jersey.
31
What was the result of the bioterrorism event in fall of 2001?
22 confirmed or suspected cases of anthrax , 5 of whom died
32
The Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a ranking system for potential biological agents based on the following criteria?
1) The level of morbidity and mortality associated with disease
2) Delivery potential of the disease ( which involves the ability to be aerosolized)
3) Public perception (certain diseases generate greater fear and civil disruption)
4) And public health preparedness needs, such as needs for vaccine or mass chemoprophylaxis (preventive treatment)
33
A bioterrorism attack is what?
The deliberate release of viruses, bacteria, or other germs (agents) used to cause illness or death in people, animals or plants
34
Bioterroism agents have what categories
Category A
Category B
Category C
35
Category A bioterrorism agents include...
Organisms or toxins (high-priority toxins) that pose the highest risk to the public and national security?
36
Why do Category A bioterrorism agents pose the highest risk to public and national security?
a) easy spread
b) result in high death rates and have the potential for major public health impact
c) Might cause public panic and social disruption
d) Require special action for public health prepardness
37
Category B bioterroism agents are what?
The second highest priority
38
What are Category B bioterroism agents the second highest priority?
a) moderately easy to spread
b) Moderate illness rates and low death rates
c) Require specific enhancements of CDC's laboratory capacity and enhanced disease monitoring
39
Category C bioterrorism agents are what? Including what?
Are third highest priority agents; including emerging pathogens that can be engineered for mass spread in the future
40
What are category C bioterroism agents the third highest priority agents?
a) They are easily available
b) They are easily produced and spread
c) They have potential for high morbidity and mortality rates and major health impact
41
Variola major (small pox) is what type of bioterrorism agent?
Category A
42
Variola major is also called what?
small pox
43
Bacillus anthracis is also called what?
Anthrax
44
Yersinia pestis is also called what?
plague
45
Clostridium botulinim toxin is also called what?
botulism
46
Francisella tularensis is also called what?
Tularaemia
47
Filoviruses include what?
- Ebola Hemorrhagic fever
| - Marburg hemorrhagic fever
48
arena viruses include what?
- Lassa (Lassa fever)
| - Junin ( Argentins hemorrhagic fever) and related viruses
49
Bacillus anthracis (anthrax) is what category bioterrorism agent?
Category A
50
Yersinia pestis (plague) is what category bioterrorism agent?
Category A
51
Clostridium botulinum toxin (botulism) is what category bioterrorism agent?
Category A
52
Francisella tularensis (tularaemia) is what type of bioterrorism?
Category A
53
Filoviruses are what type of bioterrorism agent?
Category A
54
arenaviruses are what type of bioterrorism agent?
Category A
55
Lassa is what type of bioterrorism agent?
Lassa is a arenaviruses thus category A bioterrorism agent
56
Junin is what type of bioterrorism agent?
Junin (Argentine hemorrhagic fever) is an arenaviruses thus a category A bioterrorism agent
57
Coxiella burnetti is also called?
Q fever
58
Brucella species are also called what?
brucellosis
59
Burkholderia mallei is also called what?
glanders
60
Alpha viruses are what type of bioterrorism agent?
Category B
61
Venezuelan encephalomyelitis are what type of bioterrorism agent?
Category B bioterrorism agents
62
Eastern and weastern equine is what type of bioterrorism agent?
Category B bioterrorism agents
63
Encephalomyelitis is what type of bioterrorism agent?
Category B bioterrorism agents
64
Ricin toxin from Ricinus communis (castor beans) is what type of bioterrorism agent?
Category B
65
Epsilon toxin of Clsotridium perfringens are what type of bioterrorism agent?
Category B bioterrorism agent
66
Staphylococcus enterotoxin B are what type of bioterrorism agent?
Category B bioterrorism agent
67
Coxiella burnetti (Q fever) is what type of bioterrorism agent?
Category B Bioterrorism agent
68
Brucella species (brucellosis) is what type of bioterrorism agent?
Category B bioterrorism agent
69
Burkholderia mallei (glanders) are what type of bioterrorism agent?
Category B bioterrorism agent
70
Subsets of category B bioterrorism agents inculdes what?
pathogens that are food or waterborne
71
Pathogens that are foo or waterborne are subsets of what category bioterrorism agent?
category B bioterrorism agent
72
Salmonella species is what type of bioterrorism agent?
Category B subset bioterrorism agent
73
Shigella dysenteriae is what type of bioterrorism agent?
Category B subset bioterrorism agent
74
E. coli O157:H7 is what type of bioterrorism agent?
Category B subset bioterrorism agent
75
Vibrio cholerae is what type of bioterrorism agent?
Category B subset bioterrorism agent
76
Cryptosporidium parvum is what type of bioterrorism agent?
Category B subset bioterrorism agent
77
Category C bioterrorism agents includes what type of pathogens?
emerging pathogens that could be engineered for mass dissemination in the future
78
Nipah virus is what type of bioterrorism agent?
Category C bioterrorism agent
79
Hantaviruses are what type of bioterrorism agent?
Category C bioterrorism agent
80
Fick-borne hemorrhagic fever viruses are what type of bioterrorism agent?
Category C bioterrorism agent
81
Tick-borne encephalitis viruses are what type of bioterrorism agent?
Category C bioterrorism agent
82
Yellow fever is what type of bioterrorism agent?
Category C bioterrorism agent
83
Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis is what type of bioterrorism agent?
Category C bioterrorism agent
84
The ideal bioterror Weapon would be what?
1) Contagious
2) Virulent
3) Robust
4) Difficult to detect
5) drug-resistant
6) User-controllable
85
What natural agents meet the criteria of an ideal bioterror weapon?
None
86
What are the 8 common delivery methods of a bioterror weapon?
1) Food/ Water
2) Aircraft sprayers
3) Vehicle sprayers
4) Hand sprayers
5) Mail
6) Air handling system \
7) Human vector
8) Animal vector
87
what is an aerial bomb
-primitive biological weapon delivery device
88
How does an aerial bomb work?
Its thin fragile aluminium cylinders fill with nitrogen under pressure to create an aerosol and releases organisms when the bomb lands
89
Bioterrorism incidents are investigated and controlled by piecing together what information?
- clinical
- epidemiology
- and Laboratory information
90
what is mediastinitis?
inflammation of tissues in the mid-chest or mediastinium.
91
what bioterrorism agent causes Mediastinitis?
anthrax
92
What bioterrorism agent causes Pneumonia?
Plague
93
What bioterrorism agent causes Pleuritis?
Q fever
94
What us Pleuritis?
inflammation of the pleura, which is the moist double-layered membrane and that surrounds the lungs and lines the rib cage. This can make breathing extremely painful.
95
What bioterrorism agent causes hepatitis?
Q fever
96
What is hepatitis?
Characterized by inflammation of the liver
97
What bioterrorism agent causes Pneumonia?
Tulameria
98
What bioterrorism agent causes Pustules?
Smallpox
99
What are the initial symptoms of being infected with a bioterrorism agent category A?
- Head ache
- Fever
- Malaise
- Cough
100
What are the epidemiological clued of biological terrorism?
- tight cluster of cases
- High infection rate
- Unusual or localized geography
- Unusual time of the year
- Dead animals
101
The initial symptoms of category A bioterrorism agents are similar to symptoms of what?
influenza-like illness
102
If you suspect a bioterrorist disease what should you do?
Immediately notify:
- Hospital control
- isolation
- Laboratory
- Hospital administration
- Local Public health department
103
For what bioterrorism diesease do you need to be isolated?
- small pox
- plague
- hemorrhagic fever
104
For what symptoms should you actually think a disease associated with bioterrorism
- widened mediastinum on thoracic radiograph
- Influenza-like illness in summer months
- Pneumonia death in otherwise healthy young adults
- Vesicular rash that starts on extremitites
- Hemorrhagic fever syndrome
- Cluster of unusual, severe or unexplained illness
- Unexplained critical illness in otherwise healthy young adults
105
If there is a widen mediatinuim on thoraic radiograph then you may be able to suspect what?
Disease associated with bioterrorism agent
106
If you develop influenza-like illness in the summer months you may be able to suspect what?
Disease associated with bioterrorism agent
107
If pneumonia death occurs in otherwise healthy young adults you may be able to suspect what?
Disease associated with bioterrorism
108
If a vesicular rash starting out in the extremities developes you may be able to suspect what?
Disease associated with bioterrorism
109
If hemorrhagic fever develops you may be able to suspect what?
Disease associated with bioterrorism
110
If there is a cluster of unusual, severe or unexplained illness you may be able to suspect what?
Disease associated with bioterrorism
111
If there is unexplained critical illness in other wise healthy young adults you may be able to suspect what?
Disease associated with bioterrorism
112
Assesing helth impacts is what?
something done by Public Health in a bioterrorist event
113
Environemtal health asses water safety and sanitation as a response to waht?
Bioterrorist event
114
Public health nurses coordinate with whom in an bioterrorist event?
Shelter operation
115
During a bioterrorist whom in public health tracks infectious disease?
Acute communicable disease
116
During a Bioterrorist event the public health group injury program does what?
tracks injuries and fatalities
117
What does the Health officer do during a bioterrorist event?
coordinates information for the public and health care providers
118
Public health laboratories do what during a bioterorrist event?
identify agents (either in-house or through referral to State governments or health authorities)
119
In preparation for a Bioterrorism attack what does the medical staff do?
familiarize themselves with bioterrorism agents
120
In preparation for a bioterrorism attack what supplies are stockpiled?
- antibiotics
- immune sera
- vaccines
- etc.
121
How is a bioterrorism attack prepared for?
- Familiarize staff with BT agents
- Incorparate attack into disaster planning
- Decontamination and infection Control
- Communication with key agencies
- Laboratory, Respective health authorities of the nation
- Contacts to obtain stock piled supplies
- security preperations
122
Identifying a covert attack is an issue of what?
challenge dealing with Bioterror attack
123
Social disruption is an issue of what?
challenge dealing with Bioterror attack
124
What does prophylaxis mean?
Action taken to prevent disease
125
Prophylaxis for large population is an issue of what?
challenge dealing with Bioterror attack
126
Decontamination is an issue of what?
challenge dealing with bioterror attack
127
Secondary transmission is an issue of what?
Challenge dealing with bioterrorism attack
128
Risks of lab workers is an issue of what?
challenge dealing with BT attack
129
Limited resources is an issue of what?
Challenge dealing with bioterrorism attack
130
Communication between agencies is an issue of what?
challenge dealing with bioterrorism attack
131
Specialized labs need for some agents is an issue of what?
Challenge dealing with bioterrorism attack
132
What is Bio surveillance?
Is Real-Time-Outbreak Disease surveillance system used for early detection
133
What year did Bio surveillance make its debut?
1999
134
Bioterrorism threats are often directed towards what?
threats often directed towards elements of the private sector long ignored by the department of Defense and Department of Homeland security
135
Forensic teams work hard to identify what?
biological agents, their origins and their effects
136
Wyatt-Lorenze is what?
A bio survelliance technology corporation
137
What is the mission of the Wyatt-Lorenze system?
To provide immediate bioterrorism bioagent warning systems for the protection of people and property from biological and chemical threat.
138
Level A labs do what?
- Assess risks for aerosols and uses biosaftey cabinet
| - Adequately safety to rule-out and foward organisms
139
Level B labs do what?
- Work at BSL-3 with BT agents
| - Safety and proficiency adequate to confirm and characterize susceptibility
140
Level C labs do what?
- BSL-3
| - Safety and proficiency sufficient to probe, type, perform toxigenicity testing
141
Level D labs do what?
- BSL-4
- Safety and proficiency to probe for universe of bio- and chemical agents in non-clinical specimens
- High level characterization (seek evidence of molecular chimeras) and secure banking of isolates
142
How can a hospital prepare for a BT attack?
- familiarize hospital staffwith BT agents
- Incorporate BT planning into disaster planning
- Infection control
- Notification procedure and contact numbers
- Daily surveillance and reporting
- Media
- Personal protection Equipment (PEE)
143
What does community health and PHN's provide during a BT event?
provides education, information to the public and to community providers
144
Treatment and prophylaxis is a role of whom during a BT attack?
Role of Public health
145
Who was the president when the Project Bio shield ACt of 2004 was signed?
George W. Bush
146
Former President George W. bush gave $5.6 billion spending for what?
in case of national biological emergency
147
Former President George W. bush gave the National Institute of Health grants to do what?
purse medical research and technology
148
Emergency use authorization (EUA) gave what?
access to best medical response in case of emergency as declared by the Secretory of Human Healthy and Services OR Secretary of Homeland Security.
149
Suppling diagnostic reagents to state and local public health agencies is what?
A step in preparing public health agencies for BT attacks
150
Establish communication programs to ensure delivery of accurate information is what?
Step in preparing Public Health agencies for BT attack
