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Animal Breeding|ANSC3500 > Biotechnologies Applied to Animal Breeding > Flashcards

Biotechnologies Applied to Animal Breeding Flashcards

1
Q

What is the general goal of animal breeding?

A

To improve a population through mating and selection

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2
Q

What are two general tools that can be used to improve animal breeding?

A
  • reproductive technologies
  • molecular technologies
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3
Q

What else can reproductive technologies be called?

A

Assisted Reproductive Techniques or ART

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4
Q

Define assisted reproductive techniques.

A

A general term that encompasses manipulation of sperm, egg, and embryos, through technology and procedures, in order to improve normally expected results.

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5
Q

What are the three reproductive technologies?

A
  • artificial insemination (AI)
  • embryo technologies (ET)
  • Cloning
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6
Q

Define migration.

A

A movement of breeding animals (or genetics) from one population to another.

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7
Q

How are AI and ET similar?

A

They are both ways of migration

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8
Q

What is a downside of cloning?

A

Decreases genetic diversity

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9
Q

Reproductive technologies are different concepts, however they are related because of ______________________.

A

dissemination

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10
Q

Define molecular technologies.

A

A broad term that involves different laboratory techniques to study or modify DNA, RNA, or proteins.

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11
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

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12
Q

What is the order of the Central Dogma?

A

DNA to RNA to Proteins

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13
Q

Define Genetic Variation

A

A term used to describe the variation in the DNA sequence in each of our genomes. Genetic variation is what makes us all unique.

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14
Q

Another word for a polymorphism is a _______________.

A

Mutation

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15
Q

The four molecular technologies mentioned in class are:

A
  • DNA fingerprint
  • Marker-Assited Selection
  • Gene Editing
  • Genomics
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16
Q

Define DNA fingerprint.

A

A method used to identify an individual from a sample of DNA by looking at unique patterns in their DNA.

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17
Q

An original use of DNA fingerprints is ____________________.

A

Parentage testing

18
Q

Define genetic marker

A

A DNA sequence with a known physical location on a chromosome. Genetic markers can help link a trait with the responsible gene.

19
Q

What molecular technique uses genetic markers?

A

Marker-Assisted Selection

20
Q

Define gene editing.

A

Alteration of the genetic material by inserting, replacing, or deleting a DNA sequence, typically to improve a characteristic of an animal or correcting a genetic disorder.

21
Q

How are gene edits performed?

A

CRISPR

22
Q

Are there gene-edited animals approved for food production?

A

Yes!

23
Q

What are the two gene-edited animals in food production?

A

Salmon and cattle

24
Q

Define genomics

A

The study of all genes within an organism, including interactions with each other and with the organism’s environment.

25
Q

Genomics is the ________________ of life and the ______________ are the pages of life.

A

book; genes

26
Q

Why do we want to link genotypes to phenotypes?

A

To be able to predict phenotypes

27
Q

True or False. Genotypic variation affects phenotypic variation.

A

True!

28
Q

What does SNP stand for?

A

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism

29
Q

Define SNP

A

Loci with alleles that differ at a single base pair. Will have a frequency greater than 1% in a population.

30
Q

How are SNPs and polymorphisms similar?

A

They are both mutations.

31
Q

Define biomarker.

A

A general term for a measurable substance within an organism that indicates a phenomenon.

32
Q

Define biomarker in terms of Genomics and DNA.

A

Genetic variance (i.e., a SNP) that is associated with phenotypic variance.

33
Q

What is one study used to connect phenotypic variation and genotypic variation?

A

Genome-wide Association Studies

34
Q

What does GWAS stand for?

A

Genome-wide Association Studies

35
Q

What are the four main areas of a GWAS?

A
  • find genetic similarity
  • genotypic variance analysis
  • phenotypic variance analysis
  • Compare variances for association
36
Q

What statistical test is used to find genetic similarity?

A

Principal Components Analysis (PCA)

37
Q

Define candidate gene.

A

A gene that is known to be associated with a specific phenotype.

38
Q

If a significant SNP is found within a candidate gene for a specific phenotype, then we can assume that SNP is ________________ with that specific phenotype.

A

associated

39
Q

Define gene expression

A

The process when a gene encodes for RNA, which is then translated into a protein.

40
Q

Define genomic testing.

A

Combining genomic data (via SNPs), normally with progeny data and personal records, to improve the accuracy of an animal’s value as a breeding parent.

41
Q

Define genomic selection.

A

Selecting individuals from genomically tested (enhanced) data.

42
Q

How does genomic selection improve animal breeding?

A
  • increases accuracy
  • improves genetic merit
  • decreases generation interval

Animal Breeding|ANSC3500 (17 decks)

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