Biostats and pharm Flashcards
lipid lowering agent that dec VLDL secretion by the liver into circulation
niacin
increases triglyceride clearance by upregulating LPL
fibrates
long term use for asthma
chromolyn or salmeterol
CI of ACE inhibitors
hereditary angioedema, renal failure, pregnancy
effective renal plasma flow rate (eRPF)
(urine PAH concentration) X (urine flow rate) / (plasma PAH concentration)
renal blood flow (RBF)
eRPF/ (1 - hematocrit)
used for acute gout
indomethacin (pain) colchicine (inflammation)
used for chronic gout
allopurinol
inc the expression of insulin response genes
-glitazones
cardiac drug that dec length of hospital stay but not mortality for CHF patient
digoxin
drug that dec mortality in CHF patient
ACE inhibitors
quinidine, procainamide, disopyramide
Class Ia Na ch blockers - prolongs QRS
lidocaine, phenytoin
Class Ib Na ch blockers - no affect on QRS
flecainde
class Ic Na ch blockers - last resort
propanolol, metoprolol, timolol, atenolol, esmolol
Class II beta blockers - slow phase 4 - prolongs AV nodal conduction and inc PR interval
amioderone, sotalol, ibutilide
Class III K ch blockers - prolongs QT by blocking repolarization
verapamil, diltiazam
Class IV Ca ch blockers - prolongs AV nodal conduction and inc PR interval, dec CO
inhibits Na/K ATPase, prolonging PR interval and inc contractility
digoxin
drug associated with red-green color blindness and optic neuropathy
ethambutol
anti-mycobacterial causing neurotoxicity and hepatotoxicity
isoniazid
anti-mycobacterial causing ototoxicity
streptomycin
what can you give to lower the neurotoxic effects of isoniazid
pyridoxine (B6)
type I error
rejecting the null when its true
type II error
failing to accept the alternate hypothesis
accepting the null when its false
egg vaccines
influenza, yellow fever, MMR
live attenuated vaccines
smallpox, yellow fever, chicken pox (VZV), sabins polio virus, MMR, influenza (intranasal)
“Live! see SMALL YELLOW CHICKENS, get vaccinated with SABINS and MMR, Its INcredible
killed vaccines
Rabies, influenza (injected), salk polio, HAV
salK=Killed. RIP Always
recombinant vaccine
HBV
drug putting patients at risk for ATN
antibiotics esp aminoglycosides
what causes peaked T waves
hyperkalemia
serious side effect of statins
rhabdomyolysis and myositis
inhibits LDL synthesis
statins
promotes clearance of VLDL, enhances LPL, good for high tris
fibrates
dec resorption of LDL
cholestyramine
prevents absorption of cholesterol
ezetamibe
drug that masks the symptoms of hypoglycemia in insulin dependent diabetics
beta blockers
anti-ro, anti-la
sjogrens syndrome
anti-Jo-1
polymyositis, dermatomyositis
anti U1 RNP
mixed connective tissue diseases
anti centromere ab
crest scleroderma
anti- smith ab
lupus
anti-dsDNA ab
lupus
anti-microsomal ab
hashimotos
tx for stable angina
nitrate and beta blocker
tx for post herpetic (VZV) neuralgia
TCA (amitriptyline)
diuretic associated with ototoxicity
loops
anti-smooth muscle ab
autoimmune hepatitis
anti-mitochondrial ab
primary biliary cirrhosis
tx for serotonin syndrome
cyprohepatdine
tx for GAS infections
penicillin
two groups (one with risk factor, one control) are followed over time to see their outcomes
cohort study
collets data to assess the prevalence of a disease and the related risk factors at a given point of time
cross-sectional study
subjects are chosen based on outcome. looks back to asses risk factors, recall bias may occur, retrospective
case-control study
complies data from already completed studies
meta-anylsis
calculation of steady state
4-5 half lifes
diabetes drug causing lactic acidosis
metformin - often if they have underlying renal disease
anion gap
Na - (Cl + bicarb)
diabetes drug causing weight gain
sulfonylureas - chloropropamine, glipizide
diabetes drug with risk of hypoglycemia
sulfonylureas - chloropropamine, glipizide
try this if patients fail to recover from depression after 2-3 rounds of antidepressant meds
electroconvulsive therapy
half life equation
T1/2= .7 * Vd / CL
false estimations of survival rates
lead-time bias
common side effects of SSRIs
loss of libido, insomnia, weight gain, nausea
antispasmodic agent used to treat long term asthma/COPD, inhibits PDE
theophylline
mechanism of tamsulosin
alpha-1 antagonist - used for BPH
tx for MS
beta interferon
side effect of typical antipsychotics
gynecomastia, lactation (dopamine blocker)
DOC to initially treat symptoms of hyperthyroidism
beta blocker
DOC for management of acute panic disorder
benzodiazapines
infusion related flushing (red-man syndrome)
vancomycin
overdose: dilated pupils, tachycardia, dry mucous membranes
TCA overdose
tx for ADHD and mechanism
methylphenidate - blocks reuptake of NE and dopamine
desmopressin uses
Used to treat neprhogenic DI, bed wetting, prophylaxis for hemophillia A in surgery
desmopressin MOA
promotes release of factor VIII, VWB factor, and t-Pa by binding to V2 receptor facilitating endothelial release. And acts as an ADH analog to dec urination
Clearance equation
.7 x Vd / half life
Vd equation
dose/initial plasma concentration
MOA of niacin
dec secretion of VLDL from hepatocytes into circulation, inc HDL
drug that inc lipoprotein lipase
fibrates (gemfibrozil) dec tris
drug that dec resorption of cholesterol
ezetimibe
SE: diarrhea, joint pain
blocks resorption of bile in intestines
side effects of this drug
cholestyramine
flatulence, bloating, steatorrhea
type of bias: physicians/patients alter their behavior when they know they are involved in the study
hawthorn bias
type of bias: group alters their outcome based on expectations (pts know the efficacy of the treatment)
pygmalion bias
type of bias: when the group of people is not chosen at random
selection bias
type of bias: when the group of people is not representative of the population at large
sampling bias
relative risk equation
incidence in the exposed group/incidence in the control group
odds ration equation
a x d/b x c
drugs that follow zero order kinetics
phenytoin, ethanol, aspirine
Tx for prostate cancer - inhibits testosterone receptor
flutamide
Tx for BPH, hair loss - blocks 5 alpha-redutase
finasteride
MOA of amphotericin B
inc membrane permeability by binding to egosterol
MOA of fluconazole (azoles)
inhibit egosterol synthesis
when the physician ignores the patients consent
paternalism
the patients right to determine their own treatment
autonomy
duty, dereliction of the duty, injury, damage
malpractice
DOC for carcinoid syndrome
octreotide
antiarrhythmic that prolongs the action potential and repolarization more than any other drug
amioderone
test to find the difference between 2 means
T-test
test to find the difference between 2 categories
chi-squared
test to find the difference between means of 3 or more groups
analysis of variance (ANOVA)
antagonizes the carboxylation of clotting factors
warfarin
directly inhibits factor Xa
rivaroxaban
Tx for narcolepsy
modafinil, amphetamines
DOC for ulcerative colitis
sulfasalazine
