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Neo Board Review MAP > Biostats > Flashcards

Biostats Flashcards

1
Q

Categorical data

A

Data fits into one of several categories
Ex: gender

No order (male = female)
No magnitude (size)
No decimals used
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2
Q

Integer data

A

Whole number that can be positive negative or zero
Ex: Number of blood cultures

Ordered (1<2)
Magnitude differences (size difference)
No decimals

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3
Q

Ordinal data

A

Data that has natural, ordered categories
Ex: ROP stage

Ordered (1<2)
No magnitude difference
No decimals used

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4
Q

Continuous data

A

Data whose value can be obtained by measuring
Ex: birth weight

Ordered
Magnitude difference
Decimals used

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5
Q

Mean

A

Average
Sum of all values / N
Most sensitive to outliers

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6
Q

Median

A

Middle value

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7
Q

Mode

A

Most common value

Peak

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8
Q

Range

A

Highest - lowest

Outliers can skew this

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9
Q

Interquartile range

A

75th % - 25th %
(middle 50%)
Eliminates outliers

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10
Q

Mean deviation

A

(Sum |X-mean|) / N

Hard to manipulate

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11
Q

Standard deviation

A

Average distance of each value from the middle

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12
Q

What kind of error do you have if you reject the null hypothesis when it is true?

A

Type 1 (alpha) error
Concluding there is a difference between groups when there is not
False positive

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13
Q

What kind of error do you have when you accept the null hypothesis that is false?

A

Type 2 (beta) error
Concluding there is no difference between groups when there is
False negative

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14
Q

What statistical test should you use to compare 2 separate groups of continuous data?

A

Unpaired t-test

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15
Q

What statistical test should you use to compare 2 paired groups of continuous data?

A

Paired t-test

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16
Q

What kind of statistical test should you use to compare three or more groups of continuous data?

A

Analysis of variance (ANOVA)

Multiple regression

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17
Q

What kind of statistical test should you use to compare 2 separate groups of categorical data?

A

Chi-square test

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18
Q

What kind of statistical analysis should you use to compare 2 paired groups of categorical data?

A

McNemar’s

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19
Q

What kind of statistical test should you use to compare three or more groups of categorical data?

A

Chi-square

Logistic regression

20
Q

Nonparametric test for two separategroups of continuous data?

A

Man Whitney

21
Q

Nonparametric test for two paired groups of continuous data?

A

Wilcoxon

22
Q

Nonparametric test for three or more unmatched groups of continuous data?

A

Kruskal Wallis

23
Q

The P value is the same as what type of error?

A

Type 1 or alpha error

24
Q

What does the P value tell you?

A

The probability of observing a difference at least this large by chance alone

25
Q

What does the confidence interval tell you?

A

Based on the sample standard deviation and its size you are 95% confident that the limits cover the true value for the population mean

26
Q

What is a Case series?

A

Choosing cases with an exposure and following them to see the outcome

27
Q

What is a case control study?

A

Finding patients with an outcome (and control patients) and looking back to see if either group was exposed

28
Q

What is a cohort study?

A

Finding patients with or without an exposure/disease and following forward to see what their outcome is

Less biased than case control studies

29
Q

What is a Randomized controlled trial?

A

Randomly chosen cases and controls (exposed/non-exposed) followed to see their outcome

30
Q

Which type of study is not good for rare outcomes?

A

Cohort study

31
Q

What does relative risk reduction tell you?

A

The risk of an adverse outcome in the experimental group is reduced by this proportion relative to controls

32
Q

What does an odds ratio tell you?

A

Odds of adverse outcome in experimental group reduced by this proportion relative to controls

33
Q

What does absolute risk reduction tell you?

A

Risk of adverse outcome in the experimental group is reduced by this absolute percentage

34
Q

Odds ratio = relative risk when the prevalence of disease is ___

A

Low

35
Q

Odds ratio will always ____ The effect size compared to relative risk

A

Overestimate

36
Q

What does sensitivity mean?

A

How many patients with the disease will have a positive test

37
Q

What does specificity mean?

A

How many patients without the disease will have a negative test

38
Q

What does positive predictive value mean?

A

How many patients with a positive test actually have the disease

Affected by disease prevalence

39
Q

What does negative predictive value mean?

A

How many patients with a negative test actually don’t have the disease

Affected by disease Prevalence

40
Q

Run chart rules

A

1. Shift: >6 points above or below the median
2. Trend: >5 points upper down in a row
3. Two few or too many runs
4. Astronomical Datapoint

41
Q

What does a SMART aim need to be?

A 
Specific
Measurable
Achievable
Relevant
Time-limited
42
Q

What is a process measure?

A

A measure tracking whether you were following protocols

43
Q

What is an outcome measure?

A

Whether you meet your goal

44
Q

What is a balancing measure?

A

Looking at possible trade-offs

45
Q

Standard deviations

A

1SD 68%
2SD 95%
3SD 99.8%

46
Q

Ways to increase power of a trial

A

Increase sample size
Increase effect size
Increasing type one error rate
Decreasing standard deviation of the outcome

47
Q

Which is more important, the absolute difference or the relative difference?

A

Absolute difference

Neo Board Review MAP (18 decks)

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