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Biology > BIOSCI 107 Definitions > Flashcards

BIOSCI 107 Definitions Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Integumentary

A

Bodily system consisting of the skin and associated structures such as the glands, hair, nails, scales etc.

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2
Q

Tendon

A

Tough band of fibrous connective tissue that usually connects muscle to bone.

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3
Q

Aponeurosis

A

A flat sheet or ribbon of tendon-like material that anchors a muscle.

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4
Q

Cartilage

A

Strong, flexible type of connective tissue.

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5
Q

Thymus

A

Main organ of the lymphatic system.

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6
Q

Kidneys

A

Main organs of the urinary system.

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7
Q

Lymphatic System

A

A system that is comprised of lymph nodes, lymph vessels, lymphoid tissues, and lymph.

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8
Q

Epithelial

A

A membranous animal tissue made up of one or more layers of cells closely packed together.

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9
Q

Connective

A

It connects, supports, or surrounds other tissues and organs.

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10
Q

Muscle

A

Organ made up of muscle tissues, or the tissue itself, enabling contraction or tension in an animal body to effect movement or locomotion.

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11
Q

Nervous

A

A system of the body that receives, interprets, and responds to stimuli from inside and outside the body.

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12
Q

Apical Membrane

A

The surface of a plasma membrane that faces inward to the lumen.

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13
Q

Lateral

A

Side of the body or a body part.

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14
Q

Basal

A

Relating to, situated at, or forming the base.

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15
Q

Basement Membrane

A

Extracellular matrix characteristically found under epithelial cells.

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16
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

Secrete onto external surfaces and into ducts.

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17
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

Hormones or precursors into intestinal fluid.

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18
Q

Simple

A

Single layer.

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19
Q

Squamous

A

Flat/thin.

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20
Q

Keratin

A

Fibrous structural protein of the epithelial cells in the outermost layers of the skin.

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21
Q

Desmosome

A

Intercellular junctions that provide strong adhesion between cells.

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22
Q

Actin

A

Actin and the protein myosin together make up the contractile units (called sarcomeres) of skeletal muscle fibers.

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23
Q

Connexon

A

An assembly of six proteins called connexins.

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24
Q

Hemidesmosome

A

A type of anchoring junction between neighbouring cells.

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25
Q

Transitional

A

Subject to great mechanical change due to contraction and distention.

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26
Q

Extra Cellular Matrix

A

A collection of extracellular molecules secreted by cells that provides structural and biochemical support to the surrounding cells.

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27
Q

Proteoglycans

A

The “filler” substance existing between cells in an organism (Protein + GAG).

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28
Q

Glycosaminoglycans

A

Long unbranched polysaccharides consisting of a repeating disaccharide unit.

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29
Q

Collagen Fibres

A

Protein fibre that provides strength and cushioning to many different areas of the body, including the skin.

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30
Q

Reticular Fibres

A

A type of fibre in connective tissue which serves as a supporting mesh in soft tissues such as liver and bone marrow.

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31
Q

Elastic Fibres

A

A type of fibre that is thick and yellowish, and composed primarily of elastin.

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32
Q

Marfan Syndrome

A

A genetic disorder that affects the body’s connective tissue - long fingers, legs etc.

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33
Q

Fibroblasts

A

A type of cell that synthesizes the extracellular matrix and collagen, the structural framework (stroma) for animal tissues, and plays a critical role in wound healing.

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34
Q

Adipocytes

A

The primary cell type of adipose tissue and play a key role in maintaining energy homeostasis.

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35
Q

Mesenchymal Cells

A

Multipotent stromal cells that can differentiate into a variety of cell types - osteoblasts, chondrocytes, myocytes, adipocytes.

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36
Q

Areolar Tissue

A

A connective tissue in which fibres are loosely arranged in a net or meshwork.

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37
Q

Adipose

A

The tissue stores energy in the form of fat within the adipocytes.

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38
Q

Osteogenic Cells

A

Mesenchymal stem cells, become osteoblasts.

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39
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone forming cells.

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40
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells derived from osteoblasts - maintain bone tissue.

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41
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Formed from blood monocyte fusion, break down bone.

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42
Q

Lamellae

A

Concentric rings of mineral salts for hardness.

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43
Q

Lacunae

A

Small spaces between lamellae that contain mature bone cells (osteocytes).

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44
Q

Canaliculi

A

Minute canals.

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45
Q

Central Canal

A

Contains blood cells and nerves.

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46
Q

Myofibrils

A

Contractile unit of a striated muscle.

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47
Q

Myofilaments

A

Threadlike structures that comprise the myofibril inside the muscle cell .

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48
Q

Sacromere

A

Basic functional unit of a myofibril, separated by Z discs.

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49
Q

Epimysium

A

Anatomical muscle.

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50
Q

Perimysium

A

Fascicles.

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51
Q

Endomysium

A

Muscle fibres ‘cell’.

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52
Q

A Band

A

Thick filaments.

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53
Q

I Band

A

Thin filaments.

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54
Q

H Zone

A

Thick filaments.

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55
Q

M Line

A

Holds thick filaments together.

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56
Q

Z Disc

A

Between sacromeres.

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57
Q

Intercalated Discs

A

Join fibres end to end.

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58
Q

Contraction

A

Tension transmitted to intermediate filaments twisting cells about stable ‘rods’.

59
Q

Neurons

A

Specialized cell that forms the basis of the nervous system - transmits signals throughout the body.

60
Q

Unipolar Neuron

A

A neuron that has one main process, the axon, extending from its cell body.

61
Q

Anaxonic Neuron

A

A neuron where the axon cannot be differentiated from the dendrites.

62
Q

Neuroglia

A

Non-neuronal cells of the nervous system.

63
Q

Astrocytes

A

The largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord.

64
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Insulating multilayered myelin sheath (protein lipid layer) around CNS axons.

65
Q

Microplia

A

Phagocytic protection.

66
Q

Ependymal Cells

A

Produce cerebrosomal fluid line CSF-filled ventricles (brain) and central canal of the spinal cord.

67
Q

Myelinating Schwann

A

Cells that wrap around axons of motor and sensory neurons to form the myelin sheath.

68
Q

Cytosol

A

The fluid in which organelles of the cell reside.

69
Q

Rough ER

A

Sorting and Packaging of proteins.

70
Q

Smooth ER

A

Production of lipids/carbs, housing unit for tissue specific proteins.

71
Q

Peptide

A

Less than 50 amino acids.

72
Q

Protein

A

More than 50 amino acids.

73
Q

Chaperone

A

Fold protein as it emerges from ribosome.

74
Q

DNA

A

Heritable material used to store and transmit information from generation to generation.

75
Q

RNA

A

Acts as a messenger to allow the information stored in the DNA to be used to make proteins.

76
Q

Transcription

A

Synthesis of RNA from a DNA template.

77
Q

Exons

A

Coding regions that form part of final mRNA product.

78
Q

Introns

A

Intervening non coding sequences (not in final mRNA).

79
Q

A Site

A

Acceptor site for an aminoacyl tRNA, binds to mRNA codon.

80
Q

P Site

A

Peptide bond forms that adds an amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain.

81
Q

E Site

A

Where tRNAs no longer bound to an amino exit the ribosomes.

82
Q

Wobble Hypothesis

A

Tells you about amounts of amino acids in cells.

83
Q

Quaternary

A

Homodimer or heterodimer.

84
Q

Acetyl CoA

A

Delivers the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) to be oxidized for energy production.

85
Q

Interphase

A

Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis.

86
Q

Prophase

A

Chromatids of matching chromosomes made.

87
Q

Prometaphase

A

Spindle interacts with chromosomes in cells (looks for kinetochore).

88
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes are aligned in correct orientation thanks to kinetochore.

89
Q

Anaphase

A

Chromosomes are pushed to ends of cell.

90
Q

Telophase

A

Formation of two nuclei.

91
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Barrier forms, making two cells.

92
Q

Methylation

A

Addition of a methyl group.

93
Q

Acetylation

A

Addition of an acetyl group.

94
Q

Biotinylation

A

Addition of biotin.

95
Q

Carboxylation

A

Addition of a carboxylic acid group.

96
Q

Carbohydrate

A

Addition for membrane bound proteins.

97
Q

Cleavage

A

Splitting or dividing of a cell.

98
Q

Glycolysis

A

One glucose molecule is broken down to form two molecules of pyruvic acid.

99
Q

Kreb’s Cycle

A

A cycle of enzyme-catalyzed reactions in living cells that is the final series of reactions of aerobic metabolism - ATP is formed.

100
Q

Fertilisation

A

A complex process that involves the fusion of gametes/their nuclei and the activation of embryo development.

101
Q

Cleavage

A

The series of mitotic divisions of the zygote.

102
Q

Blastomeres

A

Cells formed through cleavage.

103
Q

Compaction

A

Where blastomeres become tightly packed.

104
Q

Cavitation

A

Where the morula is transformed from a solid ball of cells to a hollow ball of cells.

105
Q

Zona Pellucida

A

Thick transparent membrane surrounding a mammalian ovum before implantation.

106
Q

Hypoblast

A

Primitive endoderm.

107
Q

Epiblast

A

Outermost layer of an embryo before it differentiates into ectoderm and mesoderm.

108
Q

Yolk Sac

A

A sac lacking yolk in the early embryo.

109
Q

Gastrulation

A

The process by which the bilaminar embryo is transformed into one that has 3 germ layers.

110
Q

Primitive Streak

A

Faint streak which is the earliest trace of the embryo in the fertilised ovum.

111
Q

Rostrally

A

Towards the head.

112
Q

Ectoderm

A

Top layer.

113
Q

Mesoderm

A

Middle layer.

114
Q

Endoderm

A

Underlying layer.

115
Q

Oropharyngeal Membrane

A

Depression of the head end of the trilaminar disc.

116
Q

Cloacal Membrane

A

Depression formed at the caudal end of the trilaminar disc.

117
Q

Organiser

A

Regions that secrete molecules that act at a distance, influencing the differentiation of different body parts.

118
Q

Notochord

A

A cartilaginous skeletal rod supporting the body.

119
Q

Somites

A

Any of the paired block-like segments of mesoderm, occurring dorsally, alongside the neural tube.

120
Q

Sclerotome

A

Part of the somite closest to the neural tube and notochord.

121
Q

Syndetome

A

Gives rise to tendons.

122
Q

Myotome

A

Give rise to all skeletal muscles (not head).

123
Q

Dermatome

A

Region underlying the ectoderm.

124
Q

Non-Neural Ectoderm

A

Gives rise to the rest of the ectodermal structures of the embryo - epidermis of skin.

125
Q

Neural Crest

A

Small group of cells differentiated at the outside edge of the neural plate.

126
Q

Telencephalic Vesicle

A

Gives rise to forebrain.

127
Q

Mesencephalic Vesicle

A

Gives rise to midbrain.

128
Q

Rhombencrphalic Vesicle

A

Gives rise to hindbrain.

129
Q

Branchial Arches

A

Give rise to the structures of the head and neck.

130
Q

Facial Prominences

A

5 initial swellings on embryos face.

131
Q

Morphogenetic

A

Shape developing.

132
Q

Allantois

A

Extra-embryonic membrane.

133
Q

Ectopic Pregnancies

A

When the embryo impacts in inappropriate positions.

134
Q

Tubal Pregnancies

A

When the blastocyst hatches from the zona pelucida while still in the uterine tube.

135
Q

Syncytial Trophoblast

A

Epithelial covering of the highly vascular embryonic placental villi.

136
Q

Lacunae

A

Small space filled with mother’s blood.

137
Q

Amnion

A

A thin, membranous sac filled with a watery fluid.

138
Q

Extra-Embryonic Coelom

A

Single large cavity formed from a series of smaller cavities in the extra-embryonic mesoderm.

139
Q

Mesodermal Stalk

A

Stalk of extra-embryonic mesoderm that attaches the ball on the inside with the ball on the outside (becomes umbilical cord).

140
Q

Syncytium

A

Continuous cytoplasmic mass.

141
Q

Decidua

A

Inner layer of the wall of the uterus.

142
Q

Chorion

A

Part of the placenta, includes syncytial trophoblast, cellular trophoblast, extra-embryonic mesoderm.

143
Q

Placenta

A

Includes chorion + decidua.

Biology (15 decks)

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