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Biology > BIOSCI 101 Definitions > Flashcards

BIOSCI 101 Definitions Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Nucleoid

A

Concentrated DNA

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2
Q

Ribosomes

A

Synthesise Proteins

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3
Q

Capsule

A

Jelly-like Coating

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4
Q

Flagella

A

Locomotion

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5
Q

Fimbriae

A

Attachment to other bacteria

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6
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A

Have a nucleus which contains most of the cell’s DNA

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7
Q

Nucleus

A

Organelle containing genetic material

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8
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Network of membranous tubules continuous with the nuclear membrane

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9
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

A complex of vesicles and folded membranes

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10
Q

Lysosomes

A

An organelle containing degradative enzymes enclosed in a membrane

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11
Q

Mitochondria

A

Organelle responsible for cellular respiration

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12
Q

Chloroplast

A

A plastid in green plant cells which contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place

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13
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Interconnecting protein structures within the cytoplasm

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14
Q

Cilia and Flagella

A

Tiny, hair-like organelles

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15
Q

Thylakoids

A

Flattened sacs inside a chloroplast

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16
Q

Microtubule

A

Microscopic tubular structure

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17
Q

Microfilament

A

A small rod-like structure

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18
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

Cytoskeletal components found in the cells of vertebrate animal species

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19
Q

Homogenization

A

A process that involves breaking apart cells - releasing organelles and cytoplasm

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20
Q

Homogenate

A

A suspension of cell fragments

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21
Q

Centrifugation

A

A process which involves the application of the centrifugal force for the sedimentation of heterogeneous mixtures with a centrifuge

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22
Q

Macromolecule

A

A polymer constructed of identical or similar building blocks called monomers

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23
Q

Lipids

A

Insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents

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24
Q

Phospholipids

A

A class of lipids that are a major component of all cell membranes

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25
Q

Polysaccharides

A

A carbohydrate whose molecules consist of a number of sugar molecules bonded together.

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26
Q

Chitin

A

Polymer of glucose

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27
Q

Proteins

A

Link carboxyl group of one amino acid to amino group of the next

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28
Q

Channel Protein

A

A protein that allows the transport of specific substances across a cell membrane

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29
Q

Carrier Protein

A

A protein that transports specific substance through intracellular compartments

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30
Q

Transport Proteins

A

A protein that serves the function of moving other materials within an organism

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31
Q

Exocytosis

A

The contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane

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32
Q

Endocytosis

A

The taking in of matter by a living cell by invagination of its membrane to form a vacuole

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33
Q

Monomer

A

A molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer

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34
Q

Fluid Mosaic

A

A flexible layer made of lipid molecules is interspersed with large protein molecules that act as channels through which other molecules enter and leave the cell

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35
Q

Amphipathic

A

Having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts

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36
Q

Glycoprotein

A

Carbohydrate groups attached to the polypeptide chain

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37
Q

Desmosomes

A

Two adjacent cells are attached, formed from protein plaques in the cell membranes linked by filaments

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38
Q

Connexins

A

Structurally related transmembrane proteins that assemble to form vertebrate gap junctions

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39
Q

Hydrophylic

A

Having a tendency to mix with, dissolve in, or be wetted by water

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40
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Tending to repel or fail to mix with water

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41
Q

Peptide Bonds

A

A chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule, releasing a molecule of water (H2O)

42
Q

Amino Acid

A

A simple organic compound containing both a carboxyl (—COOH) and an amino (—NH2) group

43
Q

Alpha Helix

A

A righthand-coiled or spiral conformation

44
Q

Beta Pleated Sheet

A

Beta strands (also β-strand) connected laterally by at least two or three backbone hydrogen bonds

45
Q

Globular

A

Composed of Globules

46
Q

Polypeptides

A

Chains of amino acids

47
Q

Chaperonin

A

A protein that aids the assembly and folding of other protein molecules in living cells

48
Q

Hydrolysis

A

The chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water

49
Q

Renaturation

A

The conversion of denatured protein or nucleic acid to its native configuration

50
Q

Anabolic

A

The synthesis in living organisms of more complex substances from simpler ones

51
Q

Catabolic

A

The breaking down in living organisms of more complex substances into simpler ones

52
Q

Enzyme

A

A substance produced by a living organism which acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction

53
Q

Cofactor

A

A substance (other than the substrate) whose presence is essential for the activity of an enzyme

54
Q

Allosteric

A

Alteration of the activity of an enzyme by means of a conformational change induced by a different molecule

55
Q

Prokaryote

A

DNA is in nucleoid not enclosed by membrane

56
Q

mRNA

A

A large family of RNA molecules that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome

57
Q

tRNA

A

An adaptor molecule composed of RNA

58
Q

Anticodon

A

A sequence of three nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a transfer RNA molecule, corresponding to a complementary codon in messenger RNA

59
Q

Codon

A

A sequence of three nucleotides which together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule.

60
Q

Helicase

A

Enzymes which break H-Bonds and untwist double helix at replication fork

61
Q

Primer

A

A short strand of RNA or DNA that serves as a starting point for DNA synthesis

62
Q

Telomeres

A

A compound structure at the end of a chromosome

63
Q

Histones

A

Any of a group of basic proteins found in chromatin

64
Q

Transcription

A

Transfers of information from DNA into messenger RNA

65
Q

Translation

A

Nucleotide sequence of mRNA translated into the amino acid sequence of a protein

66
Q

Exons

A

Sequence which will leave the nucleus mRNA. The coding segment will be translated into amino acid sequences

67
Q

Introns

A

Non-coding RNA which lies between exons

68
Q

snRNPs

A

Small nuclear ribonucleoproteins

69
Q

P Site

A

Holds tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain

70
Q

A site

A

Holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added

71
Q

E Site

A

Where discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome

72
Q

Gene

A

Region of DNA which codes for a functional product, either a polypeptide or an RNA molecule

73
Q

Mutations

A

Changes in one or a few nucleotides in a sequence can affect protein structure and function (small scale)

74
Q

Chromatin

A

DNA packed with proteins

75
Q

Heterochromatin

A

Highly condensed DNA

76
Q

Enchromatin

A

Less condensed DNA

77
Q

Acetylation

A

A reaction that introduces an acetyl functional group into a chemical compound

78
Q

Methylation

A

The addition of a methyl (CH3) group to the DNA strand itself

79
Q

Epigenetics

A

The study of changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression

80
Q

Tryptophan

A

An α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins

81
Q

Operon

A

A group of genes coding for proteins with related functions

82
Q

Promoter

A

A region of DNA that initiates transcription of a particular gene

83
Q

Repressor

A

A substance which acts on an operon to inhibit enzyme synthesis

84
Q

Inducer

A

A molecule that regulates gene expression

85
Q

Activator Protein

A

DNA-binding proteins that bind to enhancers or promoter-proximal elements

86
Q

Palindromic Sequence

A

A nucleic acid sequence on double-stranded DNA or RNA wherein reading 5’ (five-prime) to 3’ (three prime) forward on one strand matches the sequence reading 5’ to 3’ on the complementary strand with which it forms a double helix

87
Q

Plasmid

A

A circular autonomously replicating DNA molecule which can replicate inside a host bacterial cell

88
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

Genes/DNA from two different sources are combined in vitro into the same molecule.

89
Q

Restriction Enzymes

A

Cut DNA at specific sequences 4-8 bp in length.

90
Q

Cloning Vectors

A

DNA molecule that can carry foreign DNA

91
Q

Selectable Markers

A

A gene introduced into a cell, especially a bacterium or to cells in culture, that confers a trait suitable for artificial selection.

92
Q

Gel Electrophoresis

A

A laboratory method used to separate mixtures of DNA, RNA, or proteins according to molecular size.

93
Q

Transcriptome

A

Part of the genome transcribed into RNA.

94
Q

Central Dogma

A

Coded genetic information is transcribed into individual transportable cassettes, composed of messenger RNA (mRNA).

95
Q

Allele

A

Alternative versions of a gene.

96
Q

Homozygous

A

Identical alleles for a character (PP)

97
Q

Heterozygous

A

Different alleles for a character (Pp)

98
Q

Genotype

A

An organism’s genetic makeup (PP, Pp or pp)

99
Q

Phenotype

A

An organism’s expressed traits (purple or white flowers).

100
Q

Locus

A

Position on a chromosome.

Biology (15 decks)

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