Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pscyhology > Biopsychology > Flashcards

Biopsychology Flashcards

1
Q

Give a definition of synaptic transmission

A

Synaptic transmission is the process of sending/transmitting messages from neurone to neurone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Outline the process of synaptic transmission. (4 marks)

A
  • electrical nerve impulse travels down axon
  • reaches the pre-synaptic knob
  • and prompts synaptic vesicles to release neurotransmitters into synaptic cleft
  • neurotransmitters diffuse across synaptic cleft
  • bind to receptor sites on post-synaptic neurone
  • neurotransmitters converted to an electrical impulse
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does the research of Yamamoto and Kitazawa (2001) tell us about synaptic transmission?

A

demonstrates that when we are touched at the same time we perceive the sensations at different times

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Give 2 examples of neurotransmitters found in the brain.

A

serotonin, GABA, dopamine, noradrenaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

synaptic vesicles

A

fluid filled sacs containing neurotransmitters

found in the synaptic knob

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the difference between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters?

A

…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Give 2 glands in the endocrine system, the hormone(s) they release and their function.

A

pituitary: lots; e.g. oxytocin; regulates the endocrine system, ‘master gland’
thyroid: thyroxin; controls metabolic rate
adrenal: adrenaline + noradrenaline; fight-or-flight response
pancreas: insulin; regulates supply of insulin to maintain blood glucose levels
ovaries: oestrogen + progesterone; facilitates release of female hormones
testes: testosterone; facilitates release of male hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the differences between the nervous system and the endocrine systems?

A

…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the function of a motor neurone?

A
  • send messages from the CNS to effector cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the function of a relay neurone?

A
  • to send messages to
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the function of a sensory neurone?

A

-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the job of synaptic transmission?

A

-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the difference between excitation and inhibition in neurones?

A

Excitation makes it more likely that an action potential will fire, it stimulates
Inhibition makes it less likely that an action potential will fire, it represses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Adrenaline is released from which gland?

A
  • the adrenal glands
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Does research support the idea that oxytocin has an effect on behaviour?

A

-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Explain how the fight or flight response occurs.

A
  • hypothalamus detects a threat
  • sends a signal to pituitary gland
  • to stimulate the adrenal medulla
  • to release stress hormones adrenline and noradrenaline
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Explain 1 issue with investigating the role of biological structures on behaviour.

A

-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the difference between the central and peripheral nervous systems?

A

CNS receives and sends messages in order to coordinate responses
PNS receiving a sending messages so that responses can be carried out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Explain what is meant by hemispheric lateralization.

A

refers to which hemisphere is dominant or responsible for a particular function
e.g. language processing for most people goes on in the left hemisphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is plasticity?

A

Plasticity is the brain’s ability to replace functions that are lost through anatomical damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the 3 main ways in which the body can replace axon function in the brain after trauma?

A

increased brain stimulation, axon sprouting and denervation supersensitivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Outline the research of Laura Danelli et al. (2013)

A 
EB
2 1/2 years old
large tumour removed from left hemisphere
he lost his language abilities
intensive rehabilitation programme
started to improve at age 5
at 17 compared to normal children his age
right he. compensated for language
suggesting that compensation is possible
right hem did not compensate fully
case study
quite young at time of operation
suggests that rehab/recovery is possible and successful
severity
individual differences
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Outline the study of Schneider et al. (2014)

A

…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How does increased brain stimulation lead to functional recovery?

A

Undamaged neurones no longer have any input when some neurones get damaged (this is the same for hemispheres) but Takatsuru et al. (2009) were able to demonstrate that stimulating the undamaged hemisphere of a patient can help improve recovery from stroke.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How does axon sprouting lead to functional recovery?

A

Undamaged neurones sprout extra connections to make up for those lost to damage

26
Q

How do the two hemispheres communicate?

A

-

27
Q

What does split-brain research tell us about the roles of the two hemispheres?

A

-

28
Q

Outline Sperry’s (1968) study into split brain surgery.

A

-

29
Q

Where does processing of information from the eyes take place?

A

the visual cortex at the very back of the brain in the occipital lobe

30
Q

What role does the somatosensory cortex play?

A

allows us to perceive touch

31
Q

What is Broca’s area responsible for and which hemisphere is it located in?

A

Broca’s area is responsible for our language comprehension, i.e. our ability to understand language
Example: being able to name objects in a picture correctly

32
Q

What is Wernicke’s area responsible for and which hemisphere is it located in?

A

Wernicke’s area is responsible for our ability to produce speech

33
Q

Which function is found in the motor cortex?

A
  • complex voluntary movement

-

34
Q

The hemispheres are not symmetrical because the functions of each differs. What are the overall differences between the left hemisphere and the right hemisphere?

A

the left hemisphere

the right hemisphere is

35
Q

Outline 1 research that looks into the left hemisphere function.

A

…

36
Q

Outline 1 study into research on Broca’s area?

A

The case study of Victor Leborgne: Domanski (2013)

37
Q

Outline the research of Overgaard et al. (2008) into the phenomenon of ‘blidsight’.

A

…

38
Q

What does the case study by Laura Danelli et al. (2013) tells us about the brain’s ability to compensate for lost functions?

A

the case study argues that the

39
Q

Name the 3 main ways of studying the brain

A

fMRI
EEG
Post-mortem examinations

40
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using fMRIs to study the brain?

A

fMRIs

41
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using EEGs to study the brain?

A

EEGs

42
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using post-mortem examinations to study the brain?

A

post-mortem examinations

43
Q

Define what a circadian rhythm is? Give examples.

A

Latin circā about + di(ēs) day so about a day

44
Q

What is an infradian rhythm? Give examples.

A

from Latin infra- ‘below’

infradian rhythms last more than a day

45
Q

What is meant by an infradian rhythm? Give examples.

A

-

46
Q

What is an ultradian rhythm? Give examples.

A

from ultra meaning going beyond

ultradian ryhtms happen multiple times in a day

47
Q

What is an ultradian rhythm? Give examples.

A

from ultra meaning going beyond

ultradian rhythms happen multiple times in a day

48
Q

Evaluate research into the sleep/wake cycle considering how the

A

…

49
Q

What did the research of McClintock and Stern (1998)

A

…

50
Q

the sleep/wake cycle is an example of what?

A

an ultradian rhythm

it lasts

51
Q

Evaluate the role of endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeitgebers on the sleep/wake cycle.

A

…

52
Q

What are chronotherapeutics?

A

…

53
Q

Identify 2 endogenous pacemakers

A

-

54
Q

Explain 2 issues with using post-mortem examinations to localise function in the brain?

A

-

55
Q

Explain the difference between ultradian and infradian rhythms (2 marks)

A

-

56
Q

Outline and evaluate research into circadian rhythms. (16 marks)

A

-

57
Q

What is the function of the SCN?

A

-

58
Q

What is axon sprouting?

A

Undamaged axons sprout more connections to replace damaged ones helping to replace functions governed by axons that do similar jobs

59
Q

What is increased stimulation?

A

Takaturu et al. (2009) showed that stimulation to the undamaged area can improve recovery

60
Q

What is denervation supersensitivity?

A

Axons similar to those damaged are increase their sensitivity to compensate for those lost, which can lead to over-sensitivity to pain

Pscyhology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions