Biomolecules 1.5 U1

Question 1

What is Dehydration Synthesis?

Answer 1

A chemical reaction that builds upmolecules by losing watermolecules.

Question 2

What is hydrolysis?

Answer 2

The process of splitting acompound into fragments with theaddition of water; a kind of reactionthat is used to break down polymersinto simpler units, e.g. starch intoglucose.

Question 3

What is Anabolism?

Answer 3

The process ofcreating large molecules fromsmaller molecules, utilizingenergy.

Question 4

What is Catabolism

Answer 4

The process ofbreaking large molecules downinto smaller molecules,releasing energy.

Question 5

How many types of biomolecule classes are there and what are they?

Answer 5

There are fourtypes:* Carbohydrates (sugars)* Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen* Lipids (fats)* Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen* Proteins* Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, andNitrogen* Nucleic Acids (DNA/RNA)* Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen,Nitrogen, and Phosphorous

Question 6

What is a carbohydrate and functions?

Answer 6

Organic compounds made of carbon,hydrogen and oxygen atoms. Functionsinclude:■ Most carbohydrates are brokendown into glucose which istaken up by cells to make ATP● Chemical formula forglucose is C6H12O6ATP uses phosphate in a process of catabolism when giving energy.■ ATP is used as a source ofenergy for a variety ofmetabolic processesmono,di,polysaccharides?!?!?!?!?

Question 7

What is a Monosaccharides?

Answer 7

building block* Glucose: one of the body’s primary energy sources* Fructose:naturally occuring sugar common infruits

Question 8

What is a Disaccharides?

Answer 8

Disaccharides: 2 monosaccharides combines* Sucrose (glucose + fructose), table sugar* Lactose (glucose + galactose), milk sugar

Question 9

What is a Polysaccharides?

Answer 9

Polysaccharides: 2+ monosaccharides* Starch (chain of glucose); Used byplants to store sugar* Glycogen (chain of glucose); Used byanimals to store sugar* Cellulose (chain of glucose); Tough andflexible fiber that gives plants strengthand flexibility

Question 10

+What are Lipids and Functions?

Answer 10

Organic compounds made mostly fromcarbon and hydrogen atoms and aregenerally not soluble in water.Non-polar and hydrophillicFunctions:* Store energy* Biological membranes* Steroids, such as hormones,act as chemical messengers* Waterproof coverings (plants)

Question 11

What is a saturated fatty acid?

Answer 11

A fattyacid that contains carbonsonly joined by single bonds.* Maximum number of hydrogens* Examples: Fats, waxes

Question 12

What is an unsaturated fatty acid?

Answer 12

A fatty acid that contains atleast one double bondbetween carbon atoms.* Fewer hydrogens* Examples: cooking oils

Question 13

What are trans fats?

Answer 13

Trans Fats are unsaturated fatswhich are uncommon in nature, butcan be created artificially (chemicallyaltered vegetable oil)..Trans fats are edible,but have been known toraise the risk ofcoronary heart disease.Has been found that people that consume transfats experience a significant increase in LDL(bad) cholesterol) without a corresponding rise inHDL (good cholesterol).

Question 14

What are proteins and functions?

Answer 14

Macromolecules that contain nitrogen as well as carbon,hydrogen, and oxygen.Functions:* Control the rate of reactions (enzymes)* Regulate cell processes (transport substances, help fight diseases)* Form cellular structures* The building block (monomer) of a protein is the amino acid* Amino acids: Organic compounds with an amino group (-NH2) onone end and a carboxyl group (-COOH) on the other end.* Multiple amino acids linked together (via covalent peptide bonds) formpolypeptides (polymer).* A protein is a function molecule built from one or morepolypeptides.

Question 15

How many types of amino acids are there and what must they contain?

Answer 15

There are over 20 differentkinds of amino acids. Allamino acids consist of:* Central carbon atom* Carboxyl group* Amino group* Hydrogen atom* Variable “R” group

Question 16

Whats the difference in the different types of amino acids?What are R groups?

Answer 16

The only difference in the 20kinds of amino acids is the “R”group.* R groups vary in size, can be polar or nonpolar,acid or basic* The shape and function of a protein is determinedby the “R” group.

Question 17

How are amino acids assembled?

Answer 17

Amino acids are assembled intopolypeptide chains according toinstructions coded in DNA.Scientists describe protein ashaving four levels of structurewhich enables a protein tocarry out a specific job. .

Question 18

What is the first level of folding for proteins?

Answer 18

Primary Structure: The sequence ofamino acids.Sequence is defined by genes withinmolecules of DNA.

Question 19

What is the second level of folding for proteins?

Answer 19

Secondary Structure: Coilsand folding of the aminoacid chain.* Hydrogen bonding between aminoacids can form helix or pleated sheet.

Question 20

What is the third level of folding for proteins?

Answer 20

Tertiary Structure: The three-dimensional shape of theprotein that is stabilized by interactions betweenR-groups(side chains).

Question 21

What is the fourth level of folding for proteins?

Answer 21

Quaternary Structure: Association between two or moredifferent polypeptide chains (protein subunits)found inonly some proteins.

Question 22

What is the Secondary Structure: Alpha Helix?

Answer 22

Keratin in hair and the subunits ofhemoglobin have a helix secondarystructure.Coiled structure due to hydrogenbonding between Oxygens ofcarboxylic acid group of one aminoacid and hydrogens of the aminogroup of another amino acid.

Question 23

What is the Secondary Structure: Beta Pleated Sheet?

Answer 23

Silk, is a natural protein fiber, thatconsists of polypeptide chains thatrepeat back and forth uponthemselves. Hydrogen bonds holdadjacent segments of thepolypeptide together.* Where does silk come from?* From the cocoons of the larvae ofmoth caterpillars.

Question 24

What is a nucleic acid?

Answer 24

Macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen,nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus.* Monomer: nucleotide* Polymer: nucleic acidsNucleotides have three parts:* A 5-carbon sugar* A phosphate group* A Nitrogenous baseNucleoside has the same parts except no nitrogenous baseNucleic acids store and transmit hereditary or geneticinformation.* Examples: DNA, RNANitrogenous Base DNA: A,C,G,TRNA: A,C,G,UThe sugars and phosphates lie onthe outside of the helix, formingthe backbone of the DNA○ This portion of the moleculeis sometimes calledthe sugar-phosphate backbone.● The two strands of the helix run inopposite directions○ Meaning that the 5′ end ofone strand is paired up withthe 3′ end of its matchingstrand.○ This is referred toas antiparallel orientationand is important for thecopying of DNA.

Question 25

What are the Essential and non essential amino acids?

Answer 25

Essential amino acids(9) you cant produce them, you must get from nature
Non-Essential amino acids(11) you can produce them using essential amino acids