Biomolecules 1.5 U1

Question 1

What is Dehydration Synthesis?

Answer 1

A chemical reaction that builds up
molecules by losing water
molecules.

Question 2

What is hydrolysis?

Answer 2

The process of splitting a
compound into fragments with the
addition of water; a kind of reaction
that is used to break down polymers
into simpler units, e.g. starch into
glucose.

Question 3

What is Anabolism?

Answer 3

The process of
creating large molecules from
smaller molecules, utilizing
energy.

Question 4

What is Catabolism

Answer 4

The process of
breaking large molecules down
into smaller molecules,
releasing energy.

Question 5

How many types of biomolecule classes are there and what are they?

Answer 5

There are four
types:
* Carbohydrates (sugars)
* Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
* Lipids (fats)
* Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
* Proteins
* Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and
Nitrogen
* Nucleic Acids (DNA/RNA)
* Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen,
Nitrogen, and Phosphorous

Question 6

What is a carbohydrate and functions?

Answer 6

Organic compounds made of carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen atoms. Functions
include:
■ Most carbohydrates are broken
down into glucose which is
taken up by cells to make ATP
● Chemical formula for
glucose is C6H12O6
ATP uses phosphate in a process of catabolism when giving energy.
■ ATP is used as a source of
energy for a variety of
metabolic processes
mono,di,polysaccharides?!?!?!?!?

Question 7

What is a Monosaccharides?

Answer 7

building block
* Glucose: one of the body’s primary energy sources
* Fructose:naturally occuring sugar common in
fruits

Question 8

What is a Disaccharides?

Answer 8

Disaccharides: 2 monosaccharides combines
* Sucrose (glucose + fructose), table sugar
* Lactose (glucose + galactose), milk sugar

Question 9

What is a Polysaccharides?

Answer 9

Polysaccharides: 2+ monosaccharides
* Starch (chain of glucose); Used by
plants to store sugar
* Glycogen (chain of glucose); Used by
animals to store sugar
* Cellulose (chain of glucose); Tough and
flexible fiber that gives plants strength
and flexibility

Question 10

+What are Lipids and Functions?

Answer 10

Organic compounds made mostly from
carbon and hydrogen atoms and are
generally not soluble in water.
Non-polar and hydrophillic
Functions:
* Store energy
* Biological membranes
* Steroids, such as hormones,
act as chemical messengers
* Waterproof coverings (plants)

Question 11

What is a saturated fatty acid?

Answer 11

A fatty
acid that contains carbons
only joined by single bonds.
* Maximum number of hydrogens
* Examples: Fats, waxes

Question 12

What is an unsaturated fatty acid?

Answer 12

A fatty acid that contains at
least one double bond
between carbon atoms.
* Fewer hydrogens
* Examples: cooking oils

Question 13

What are trans fats?

Answer 13

Trans Fats are unsaturated fats
which are uncommon in nature, but
can be created artificially (chemically
altered vegetable oil)..

Trans fats are edible,
but have been known to
raise the risk of
coronary heart disease.

Has been found that people that consume trans
fats experience a significant increase in LDL
(bad) cholesterol) without a corresponding rise in
HDL (good cholesterol).

Question 14

What are proteins and functions?

Answer 14

Macromolecules that contain nitrogen as well as carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen.
Functions:
* Control the rate of reactions (enzymes)
* Regulate cell processes (transport substances, help fight diseases)
* Form cellular structures
* The building block (monomer) of a protein is the amino acid

• Amino acids: Organic compounds with an amino group (-NH2) on
  one end and a carboxyl group (-COOH) on the other end.
• Multiple amino acids linked together (via covalent peptide bonds) form
  polypeptides (polymer).
• A protein is a function molecule built from one or more
  polypeptides.

Question 15

How many types of amino acids are there and what must they contain?

Answer 15

There are over 20 different
kinds of amino acids. All
amino acids consist of:
* Central carbon atom
* Carboxyl group
* Amino group
* Hydrogen atom
* Variable “R” group

Question 16

Whats the difference in the different types of amino acids?
What are R groups?

Answer 16

The only difference in the 20
kinds of amino acids is the “R”
group.
* R groups vary in size, can be polar or nonpolar,
acid or basic
* The shape and function of a protein is determined
by the “R” group.

Question 17

How are amino acids assembled?

Answer 17

Amino acids are assembled into
polypeptide chains according to
instructions coded in DNA.

Scientists describe protein as
having four levels of structure
which enables a protein to
carry out a specific job. .

Question 18

What is the first level of folding for proteins?

Answer 18

Primary Structure: The sequence of
amino acids.
Sequence is defined by genes within
molecules of DNA.

Question 19

What is the second level of folding for proteins?

Answer 19

Secondary Structure: Coils
and folding of the amino
acid chain.
* Hydrogen bonding between amino
acids can form helix or pleated sheet.

Question 20

What is the third level of folding for proteins?

Answer 20

Tertiary Structure: The three-dimensional shape of the
protein that is stabilized by interactions between
R-groups(side chains).

Question 21

What is the fourth level of folding for proteins?

Answer 21

Quaternary Structure: Association between two or more
different polypeptide chains (protein subunits)found in
only some proteins.

Question 22

What is the Secondary Structure: Alpha Helix?

Answer 22

Keratin in hair and the subunits of
hemoglobin have a helix secondary
structure.

Coiled structure due to hydrogen
bonding between Oxygens of
carboxylic acid group of one amino
acid and hydrogens of the amino
group of another amino acid.

Question 23

What is the Secondary Structure: Beta Pleated Sheet?

Answer 23

Silk, is a natural protein fiber, that
consists of polypeptide chains that
repeat back and forth upon
themselves. Hydrogen bonds hold
adjacent segments of the
polypeptide together.
* Where does silk come from?
* From the cocoons of the larvae of
moth caterpillars.

Question 24

What is a nucleic acid?

Answer 24

Macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus.
* Monomer: nucleotide
* Polymer: nucleic acids
Nucleotides have three parts:
* A 5-carbon sugar
* A phosphate group
* A Nitrogenous base
Nucleoside has the same parts except no nitrogenous base
Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary or genetic
information.
* Examples: DNA, RNA
Nitrogenous Base
DNA: A,C,G,T
RNA: A,C,G,U
The sugars and phosphates lie on
the outside of the helix, forming
the backbone of the DNA
○ This portion of the molecule
is sometimes called
the sugar-phosphate backbone.
● The two strands of the helix run in
opposite directions
○ Meaning that the 5′ end of
one strand is paired up with
the 3′ end of its matching
strand.
○ This is referred to
as antiparallel orientation
and is important for the
copying of DNA.

Question 25

What are the Essential and non essential amino acids?

Answer 25

Essential amino acids(9) you cant produce them, you must get from nature
Non-Essential amino acids(11) you can produce them using essential amino acids