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2023-2024 > Biomolecules > Flashcards

Biomolecules Flashcards

Get an understanding for everything related to Carbs, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids!

1
Q

How many bonds can Carbon form?

A

4, because it has 4 valence electrons

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2
Q

How do you count carbon in rings?

A

You always start from the top-right carbon

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3
Q

What is an Empirical formula?

A

A formula that shows the atoms and atom count in a molecule

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4
Q

What is a Structural formula?

A

A formula that shows atom arrangement

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5
Q

What are isomers?

A

Compounds with same empirical formula, different structural formula and different properties

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6
Q

What is a monomer?

A

The building block molecule, which makes up polymers, which make up macromolecules

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7
Q

monomer + monomer →

A

polymer

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8
Q

polymer + polymer →

A

macromolecule

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9
Q

What is Dehydration Synthesis?

A

A reaction where you make a polymer plus water

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10
Q

What is Hydrolysis?

A

A reaction where you break a polymer, using water

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11
Q

What are the 4 macromolecules of life?

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

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12
Q

Do carbohydrates have ratios? If so, what is it?

A

Yes; 1-2-1 ratio of C,H,O

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13
Q

Name the monomer for carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharide

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14
Q

How much energy does a gram of carbohydrate make?

A

4kcal/gram

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15
Q

What is the job of a carbohydrate?

A

To store and transport energy

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16
Q

What are the three types of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

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17
Q

What is a monosaccharide? Name 3 common ones

A

It is a simple sugar! Ex: Glucose, Galactose, and Fructose

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18
Q

What is a disaccharide? Name a common one

A

Di = 2, so a disaccharide is a double sugar; Sucrose

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19
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

It is a group of monosaccharides, that help with energy storage and are support molecules

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20
Q

Name 4 examples of polysaccharides, and what they do

A

Plant starch → Plant Energy Storage

Glycogen → Animal Energy Storage

Cellulose → Plant structural material; inedible

Chitin → Exoskeleton component in animals

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21
Q

Do lipids have a ratio? If so, what is it?

A

Not really; lipids have fewer oxygen atoms than carbon atoms

22
Q

What are the monomer(s) for lipids?

A

Fatty acids and a glycerol (C3H8O3)

23
Q

Are lipids polar?

A

No, they are non-polar

24
Q

What is a triglyceride?

A

3 fatty acid tails attached to a glycerol

25
Q

What are the two groups of lipids?

A

Triglycerides and non-triglycerides

26
Q

Triglycerides can be…

A

fats and oils

27
Q

The two types of triglycerides are:

A

Saturated and Unsaturated Lipids

28
Q

Saturated lipids have:

A

Single C-C bonds; solid at room temp

29
Q

Unsaturated lipids have:

A

Double C=C bonds; liquid at room temperature

30
Q

Non-triglycerides include:

A

Steroids, Hormones, Cholesterol, and Phospholipids

31
Q

What is a phospholipid made up of?

A

A phosphate, and two fatty acids

32
Q

What is a steroid made up of?

A

A ring structure of hydrocarbons (no fatty acids)

33
Q

How much energy do triglycerides give?

A

9 kcal/gram

34
Q

What jobs do triglycerides have?

A

Insulation and waterproofing

35
Q

What do phospholipids make?

A

Make up cell membrane

36
Q

Cholesterol job?

A

Makes vitamins, also found in blood and nerve cells

37
Q

Steroid hormone job?

A

Acts as chemical messenger

38
Q

Monomer for Protein?

A

Amino Acid

39
Q

What elements make up Proteins?

A

CHONS

40
Q

What bond is in a Protein?

A

Peptide bond

41
Q

What makes up a protein?

A

Carboxyl Group, Amino Group, R Group, and Single Hydrogen (CARS)

42
Q

What is Denaturation?

A

When shape changes due to temperature

43
Q

Primary Organization?

A

Sequence of Amino Acids

44
Q

Secondary Organization?

A

Helix or Pleated (aka are they folded or twisted) ; hydrogen bonds

45
Q

Tertiary Organization?

A

Fold for 3D shape ; disulfide bonds

46
Q

Quaternary Organization?

A

Clumps of Tertiary

47
Q

What are the 4 functions of Protein?

A

Transport, Regulation, Protection, and Structure (TRPS)

48
Q

Nucleic Acid Monomer? Elements?

A

Nucleotide ; CHONP

49
Q

2 types of Nucleic Acid?

A

DNA and RNA

50
Q

DNA job?

A

Contains information to build protein, commander acid

51
Q

RNA job?

A

Protein synthesis moderator

2023-2024 (17 decks)

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