Biomolecule Flashcards
The branch of biology which explains biochemical basis of life is called ?
Biochemistry
Living portion of cell is ?
Protoplasm
Protoplasm contains ?
70-90% water 💦
If the water 🌊 is evaporated , the remaining mass is called ?
Dry weight of the cell
Compounds produced by living organisms are called ?
Biochemicals
Which elements make up most of the biochemicals ?
Six elements make up most ( 98%) of biochemicals :
✓ Carbon ( C )
✓Hydrogen ( H )
✓Nitrogen ( N )
✓Oxygen ( O )
✓Phosphorous (P)
✓Sulphur ( S )
Which is the most abundant component in living cell ?
Water ( 70 -90 % )
Water is a —- molecule
Polar { it has slightly negative end — the O2 atom / very slightly positive end — the hydrogen atom }
Chemical formula of water 💦
H20 ( two atoms of hydrogen are joined to one atom of Oxygen )
Separation of electrical charges is called ?
Dipole
Properties of water
☑️ shows hydrogen bonding
☑️
Molecules containing carbon as basic element bounded covalently with hydrogen atom are called?
Organic molecule
Molecules which donot contain carbon as an basic element or in which hydrogen is not directly bounded with carbon are called?
Inorganic molecules
Carbon
✔️ valency : 4
✔️ atomic no : 6
✔️tetravalent
✔️ Ability of carbon to bond itself with other atoms is called “ catenation “
Chemical bonds which are formed by the loss and gain of electrons are called?
Ionic bonds
Chemical bonds which are formed by the sharing of electrons are called ?
Covalent bonds
The joining of two monomers is called?
Condensation ( dehydration synthesis )
Macro molecules are broken into monomers by the process of hydrolysis with the help of ?
Hydrolytic enzymes
Reverse of condensation is called ?
Hydrolysis ( hydration )
A process during which polymers are broken down into the sub units (monomers) by the addition of water is called ?
Hydrolysis ( hydration )
Structural component of plasma membrane ?
✓ Glycolipids ( carbohydrates+ lipid)
✓ Glycoprotein ( carbohydrates + protein)
Basic structural framework of all types of membrane is made up of ?
Lipoprotein
Glycolipids are also known as ?
Cerobrosides
They are important constituent of brain 🧠
Glycolipids / cerebroside
Glycolipids and sulpholipids are found commonly in ?
Chloroplast
Mucoids is another name for ?
Glycoprotein
Conjugated of lipid and carbohydrates ?
Glycolipids
Conjugate of nucleic acid and protein ?
Nucleoprotein
Conjugate of lipid and protein ?
Lipoproteins
Conjugate of carbohydrates and protein?
Glycoproteins
Most of the oligo polysaccharides in animals and plants are linked covalently to protein molecules and are called ?
Glycoproteins
Glyco proteins are found in ?
✓ Egg albumin 🥚 🍳
✓ gonadotrophic hormone ( fsh and Lh )
✓ in the cell membrane
On hydrolysis , nucleoprotein give rise to ?
Nucleic acid + protein
Glycoproteins contain small amount of carbohydrate i.e less than ?
4%
Prosthetic groups of lipoprotein?
Lecithin and cholesterol 🍕🧀
They are an important component of membrane of mitochondria/ ER / Nucleus ?
Lipoproteins
ETS in mitochondria also contain large amount of ?
Lipoproteins
Examples of lipoproteins?
💀 Lamellar lipoprotein system occuring in myelin sheath of nerves
💀 photoreceptive structures
💀 Chloroplast
💀 Membrane of bacteria 🧫🦠
Weakly acid and soluble in water 💦
Nucleoproteins
When two biomolecule of two different groups combine with each other acting as unit molecule are called
Conjugated molecule
Proteins
✓ polymers of Amino acid monomers
✓ specific amino acids link together in definite manner to perform a particular function
Proteins are complex molecules having?
C / H / O / N / P / S
Proteins constitute more than ?
50% of dry weight of cell
The name protein was suggested by ?
Berzelius ( 1838 )
Who recognized the importance of protein ?
Dutch chemist G.J Murder ( 1883 )
Building 🏢🏫 blocks of tissues?
Proteins
Proteins are macromolecules or polymers of
Amino acid
How many amino acids are found in living organisms
20 basic amino acid
Amino acids are linked together by specialised Bond or linkage 🔗 called
peptide linkage
In polypeptide chain amino acids are linked together by
Condensation process
During the process of protein synthesis each amino acid become join to other amino acid forming a long continuous and branch polymer called ?
Polypeptide chain
How many structural levels of proteins are there ?
4
Polypeptide chain ⛓️ having linear sequence of amino acids due to peptide bonds is called ?
Primary structure
E.g Insulin
Polypeptide chain of minor acid become spirely coil this structure is called ?
Secondary structure
E.g hairs / spiders web 🕷️🕸️
Which holds protein chain in spiral manner in secondary structure ?
Hydrogen and sulphide Bond
Secondary structure results in the formation of rigid and regular structure called ?
Helix
Arrangement of secondary structure into three dimensional ( fold / super fold ) structure having peptide hydrogen ionic and disulphide Bond ?
Tertiary structure
E.g Lysozyme
The association of two or more subunits into large size molecules is called ?
Quaternary structure
E.g Haemoglobin
Which will cause a protein causing it to lose its conformation and ability to function ?
High Temperature
Functions of proteins
🐼 carry out cell activities
🐼 Form main structure of cell
🐼 provide mechanical support
🐼 As enzyme ( vastly accelerate the rate of metabolic reactions )
🐼 As hormones / growth factors / gene activators — perform regulatory functions
🐼 As membrane receptors and transporters
🐼 Determine what type of substances should enter or leave the cells
🐼 proteins act as antigens / antibodies / fibrine
Ribose is found in ?
RNA nucleotides
Deoxyribose sugar is found in ?
DNA
Purine contains
Two nitrogenous bases i.e Adenine ( A ) and Guanine ( G )
Pyridine contains
3 nitrogenous bases i.e
Cytosine (C) , Thymine (T) , Uracil ( U )
Ribose formula ?
C5 H10 O5
Deoxyribose formula ?
C5 H10 O4
Which is common in all nucleotides?
Phosphoric acid … Attached with 5th carbon of pentose sugar
Nucleotides consists of 3 parts which are ?
✓Pentose sugar ( 5thbcarbon )
✓phosphoric acid ( H3P04 )
✓ nitrogenous bases
Formation of nucleotides
🧊 At first : nitrogenous base combines with pentose sugar at its first carbon to form a { nucleoside }
🧊 Second step : phosphoric acid combines with 5th carbon of pentose sugar to form { nucleotide }
🧊🧊🧊🧊
Friedrich Miescher isolated a substance from the “ pus of cells “ named it as ?
NUCLEIN { later named as Nucleic Acid }
🐸 has Acidic properties
Nucleic acid are present in free state or bound to proteins called ?
Nuclear proteins
Sub units or monomers of nucleic acid are ?
Mononucleotides
DNA is mainly found in
Chromatin of cell nucleus
Most of the RNA 90% is present in —— and a little 10% is in —-
Cell cytoplasm —- nucleolus
It is synthesized from ADP
ATP ( adenosine tri phosphate )
It is an unstable molecule and carry energy from place to place within a cell …
ATP
ATP consists of
Adenosine ( Adenine and ribose sugar )
During the conversion of ATP into ADP , the free energy released is ?
31.8 kJ or 7.3 calorie / mol
Two looks you tight quality bounded together forms
Dinucleotide
Example of dinucleotide
NAD ( nicotine amide dinucleotide )
Nicotin amide is a vitamin constituent and a ?
Coenzyme
Function of poly nucleotide
As repostries ( storehouse ) and transmitter of genetic information
Which is encoded in nucleic acid molecule :
Genetic information
How many nucleotide make nucleic acid molecule
4 nucleotides
Single ring nitrogenous bases are ?
Pyrimidine
Double ring nitrogenous bases ?
Purines
ATP is a mono nucleotide and also the ?
Energy currency of cells
A steroid nucleus consists of ?
17 carbon atoms
Fibrous proteins
E.g Fibrinogen / Actin / myosin / keratin
Globular proteins
Enzymes / hormones / antibodies / channel proteins
Lipids
Four important groups
✓ Acylglycerol ( fats and oils )
✓waxes
✓phospholipid
✓Terpenoids { Terpenes / steroids / caretenoids }
What is a perfect medium for biochemical reactions ?
Water
Water Act as a buffer ?
💦Buffer helps to prevent changes in pH of solution when an acid or alkalis added
💦 Water minimizes changes in pH
Specific heat capacity of water
✓Specific heat of a substance is measure of amount of energy needed to raised temperature of 1 gram of that substance by 1°C
✓specific heat capacity of water is very high , it takes a lot of energy to warm up
Heat of vaporization
It is due to hydrogen bonding
Liquid water requires higher amount of heat energy to change into vapours that is why water needs to lose a lot of energy to form ice
Content of cell is unlikely to freeze🥶
Cohesive force in water molecules is due to
✓ Hydrogen bonding
✓forces of attraction between similar molecules is called cohisive force
Macromolecule can be divided into four categories
4
Protein contain
Peptide bond
