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PE Exam Revision > Biomechanics > Flashcards

Biomechanics Flashcards

1
Q

Force

A

A push or pull

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2
Q

Force equation

A

Force = Mass x Acceleration

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3
Q

Friction

A

Occurs when two forces come together

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4
Q

Force affect objects in 2 ways

A
  • Change the shape of the object (stretch, squash, twist)
  • Move the object (start moving, speeds up, change direction)
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5
Q

Air and water resistance

A

When an object travels through air or water (or
gas/fluid) it will experience drag force

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6
Q

Drag force

A

Opposes direction of object – slows it down

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7
Q

Gravitational force

A

Force of attraction between two bodies or objects
-Acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/s²

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8
Q

Mass

A

The amount of matter an object is made up of

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9
Q

Weight

A

the force that is exerted on the body by gravity

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10
Q

Weight equation

A

Weight = mass x gravity

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11
Q

Inertia

A

The tendency for a body to resist a change in its state of
motion (rest or moving)
Greater inertia = harder to stop
Amount of inertia is related to its mass

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12
Q

Momentum

A

The amount of motion an object has and its resistance to changing that motion

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13
Q

Momentum equation

A

momentum = mass x velocity

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14
Q

Conservation of momentum

A

Total momentum of the system before the collision is equal to the total momentum after the collision

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15
Q

Summation of momentum

A

Any movement skill that involves multiple joints requires summation of momentum from the beginning to the end
- By coordinating all body segments that are involved inthe movement – you are able to generate maximum
velocity

  • momentum generated in sequential order

-Body parts closest to the centre of gravity to those further away

  • Ideally we want maximum velocity at impact or release
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16
Q

Impulse

A

Equal to the change in momentum of an object

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17
Q

Impulse equation

A

Impulse = force x time

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18
Q

Newtons first law of motion (Law of inertia)

A

A body will remain at rest or in uniform motion in a
straight line unless acted upon by an external force

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19
Q

Newtons second law of motion (Law of acceleration)

A

A force applied to an object will produce a change in
motion (acceleration) in the direction of the applied force
that is directly proportional to the size of the force

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20
Q

Newtons third law of motion (Law of action-reaction)

A

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

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21
Q

Moment of inertia

A

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

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22
Q

Moment of inertia equation

A

Moment of inertia = mass x radius squared

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23
Q

First law of angular motion

A

The angular momentum of a body remains constant unless acted upon by an external torque

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24
Q

Second law of angular motion

A

A torque applied to an object will produce a change in angular motion that is directly proportional to the size of the torque and inversely proportional to the moment of inertia in the object

25
Q

Third law of angular motion

A

For every torque there is an equal and opposite reaction

26
Q

Projectile motion

A

Object or body that is launched into air and affected by only the forces of gravity and air resistance

27
Q

Linear motion

A

Movement of a body along a straight or curved path where all body parts move in the same direction at the same speed

28
Q

Distance

A

Path travelled from start to finish regardless of direction

29
Q

Displacement

A

Change of position

30
Q

Speed

A

ratio of distance covered to time taken
speed = distance/time

31
Q

Velocity

A

ratio of displacement, or change of position, to time taken
velocity = displacement/time

32
Q

Linear acceleration

A

Change in velocity in a given time period

Acceleration = change in velocity / change in time

33
Q

Angular motion

A

Component of general motion and involves rotation
around a central axis or fixed point

34
Q

Torque

A

tendency of an object to rotate

35
Q

Torque equation

A

torque = force x lever arm

36
Q

Angular distance

A

sum of all the angular changes the body undergoes

37
Q

Angular displacement

A

difference between the initial and final angular position of an objects

38
Q

angular speed equation

A

angular distance covered / time taken to complete
the motion

39
Q

angular velocity equation

A

angular distance covered / time taken to complete
the motion

40
Q

Factors affecting the path of a projectile

A

Angle of release

Speed of release

Height of release

41
Q

Equilibrium

A

When there are no unbalanced forces or torques acting on it

42
Q

Static equilibrium

A

When body or object not moving or rotating

43
Q

Dynamic equilibrium

A

When body or object moving with a constant velocity (no change in speed or direction)

44
Q

Stability

A

The resistance to the disruption of equilibrium

45
Q

Balance

A

The ability to control equilibrium

46
Q

Factors affecting stability

A

Base of support

Centre of gravity

Body mass

Friction between the body and the surface(s)
contacted`

47
Q

Base of support

A

Larger the base of support = greater the stability

48
Q

Centre of gravity

A

The point around which its weight is balanced –
regardless of the position of the body

Generally found close to navel

The higher the centre of gravity the less stable the
body will be

The lower the centre of gravity = more balanced and
stable

49
Q

Body mass

A

The greater the mass of an object or body the greater the force required to move it

Greater mass = most stable

50
Q

Enhancing equilibrium

A

Increase size of base support

Ensuring line of gravity falls within the base of support

Lowering the centre of gravity

Increasing mass

Increasing friction between body and surface

Extending base of support in direction of oncoming force

Shifting line of gravity towards oncoming force

51
Q

Levers

A

Machine consisting of a rigid bar that can be made to rotate around an axis in order to extend a force on another object

52
Q

All levers have 3 parts:

A

An axis (or fulcrum or pivot point)

A resistance (or weight or load to be moved)

A force (or effort)

53
Q

First class lever

A

the resistance and the force are on either side of the axis

54
Q

Second class lever

A

the resistance is between the force and the axis

55
Q

Third class lever

A

the force is between the resistance and the axis

56
Q

Mechanical advantage

A

= force arm / resistance arm

57
Q

Mechancial advantage > 1

A

Less force required to move a resistance

58
Q

Mechancial advantage < 1

A

Increase range of motion
Increase speed/

PE Exam Revision (7 decks)

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