BIOLOGY UNIT 2 SET 3 QUIZ Flashcards
DNA structure, DNA replication, and mitosis Links to an external site.
How are cancer cells different from normal cells?
Cancer cells are different from normal cells because cancer cells usually don’t die at all while normal cells follow the normal cell cycle of growth, division and death. Instead, cancer cells don’t die. They keep on multiplying which can lead to the formation of abnormal cells.
- which can attack different parts of the body like the breast (breast cancer), the lungs (lung cancer), liver (liver cancer), and pancreas.
Compare and contrast the causal agent(s) for HIV/AIDS and Cancer. (Similarities and Differences)
- HIV/AIDS and cancer are similar because both weaken the immune system.
- The difference between the two is that HIV/AIDS is a contagious disease transferred by bodily fluids/sexual contact. Cancer is a non contagious disease and is caused by the over dividing and refusal to die by cells.
Why might chemotherapy used to kill cancer cells also kill cells like hair follicle cells?
Chemotherapy uses radiation to kill fast growing cancer cells and hair follicles are also fast growing so it kills them as well which is why people lose hair when going through Chemotherapy.
What body system does cancer weaken?
The immune system; it weakens it.
What is the function of the small intestine?
The function of the small intestine is to absorb nutrients and water from digested food.
Why is the function of the small intestine important to maintaining homeostasis?
This function is important to maintain homeostasis because it makes sure the body gets the needed nutrients and water to function properly and to regulate the body’s fluid balance by absorbing water which prevents dehydration and maintains a stable internal environment within the human body.
Explain why severe diarrhea can be dangerous to maintaining homeostasis in the body.
Diarrhea can be dangerous to maintain homeostasis in the body by taking away the necessary nutrients and water that regulate homeostasis within the human body.
Compare and contrast the viruses that cause AIDS and Rotavirus. (Similarities and Differences)
Similarities:
- The viruses that cause AIDS and Rotavirus are both infectious agents that require a host cell to replicate. Both have a significant impact on global health as well as they both have preventative measures like vaccines.
Differences:
- AIDS is transmitted through sexual contact and in rare cases blood while Rotavirus is transmitted primarily through contaminated food or water, airborne droplets, and contact with contaminated surfaces.
From your understanding based on the activities in this unit, describe the effect of severe diarrhea osmosis in cells.
The loss of water would cause dehydration and affect the balance of fluids inside and outside cells. The severe loss of nutrients and water through the principle of osmosis the water leaves the cell which then causes the cell to shrivel.
What evidence from the rotavirus case study explains why more than 85% of Rotavirus deaths occur in Southeast Asia and Africa?
The distribution of improved sanitation levels explains why more than 85% of Rotavirus deaths occur in southeast Asia and Africa. This is because Southeast Asia and Africa have 37% and 33% of improved sanitation levels while the rest have at least 60% or more improved sanitation levels.
- Rotavirus is an infectious virus which is why it’s important to have high sanitation levels in your country.
What body system does Rotavirus affect?
The digestive system because it infects and kills the cells along the small intestine track which takes away nutrients and water from the body.
- This causes one of the symptoms like diarrhea.
Cellular Mechanism of Rotavirus: (What and how infected)
The infectious disease called Rotavirus is known as an RNA virus that can infect cells that line the small intestine, which absorb nutrients and water. When Rotavirus kills/infects these intestine cells, unabsorbed nutrients and water leave the body quickly through diarrhea/vomit which makes the human weak and dehydrated.
- The disease Rotavirus is transmitted through contaminated food or water, airborne droplets, and contact with contaminated surfaces.
Cellular mechanism of Cancer? (What and how)
= genetic mutation
It develops over several years and in most types of cancer, as an original cancer cell divides through many cell cycles, a mass of cells develops that can form a tumor. Some types of cancer vary in tumor production. The cancer cells crowd the blood and prevent normal blood cells from carrying out their functions.
There is not a found causal cause but scientists notice that you can get cancer from genetics, and environmental factors and behavioral factors like smoking.
Describe the structure of a chromosome.
- mass of long, thin fibers. (chromatin)
- chromatin; it’s a combination of DNA and protein molecules.
- two copies called sister chromatids which contain identical copies of the DNA.
- Almost all genes are found in the cell nucleus in multiple chromosomes.
What are the stages of the cell cycle and describe what occurs in each stage. (Interphase: G1,S,G2 / Mitosis)
Interphase (Interphase is what’s responsible of the span of the division of all cells):
G1:
- In the G1 stage, the growth of the cell and the increase in cytoplasm occurs.
S:
- In the Synthesis stage, duplication of chromosomes/DNA occurs.
G2:
- In the G2 stage, growth and preparation for cell division and mitosis occurs.
Mitosis
- In the mitosis stage, the division of the nucleus occurs.
Describe the process of DNA replication.
- enzymes unwinds the double helix creating room for replication, the enzyme breaks the hydrogen bonds between the two strands of DNA, separating them and forming two single-stranded templates.
- RNA primers initiate the process and these primers are necessary for DNA polymerase to start adding nucleotides that match with the corresponding base pair already in the original DNA.
- DNA polymerase will add nucleotides to the 3’ end of the RNA primer, making a new strand complementary to the original strand.
- The result is two identical DNA molecules, each with one original strand and one new strand.
Explain how DNA replication is semi-conservative.
DNA replication is semi-conservative because of the process of DNA replication.
- When each helix is made it has one copied helix strand. This means that one helix replication leads to two daughter delices which each obtain one of the original helical strands.
What are the structures that play a role in mitosis? (Include when they appear and their function.)
- The nucleus
:is the control center of the cell, containing chromosomes made of DNA that carry instructions for protein synthesis. Proteins are essential for structure and enzyme functions, speeding up chemical reactions. During prophase, the chromosomes condense and become visible under a light microscope. - Centrioles
:are paired organelles in the cytoplasm that participate in cell division. They duplicate and move to the cell poles, anchoring the spindle fibers. New centrioles form during the S phase of the cell cycle. - Microtubules
:are miniature tubes that act as the cell’s skeleton. During mitosis, they rearrange into spindle fibers that attach to chromosomes and help move them. The mitotic spindle begins to develop during prophase, with microtubules assembling between the centrosomes to pull the duplicated chromosomes apart.
Describe each stage of mitosis. (Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, and Anaphase)
Prophase -Chromosomes condense, spindle fibers form, and chromosomes are captured by spindle.
Prometaphase - the nuclear membrane breaks down, and chromosomes attach to spindle fibers
Metaphase - Chromosomes align along the equator of the cell, with one chromatid facing each pole.
Anaphase - Sister chromatids separate, spindle fibers attach to kinetochores shorten and pull chromatids towards the poles, and free spindle fibers lengthen and push the poles of the cells apart.
Telophase - Spindle fibers disintegrate, nuclear envelopes form around both groups of chromosomes, and chromosomes revert to their extended state.
What occurs during cytokinesis?
The physical process of Cytokinesis is when the cytoplasm and organelles which then completes the process of dividing the cells.
- During cytokinesis, the cell equator gets pinched at by the cell membrane and the cytoplasm splits. This process differs between animal cells and plant cells.
What is the difference between cytokinesis in a plant cell and an animal cell?
- In a plant cell, vesicles gather in the center of the cell during telophase to form a cell plate, which grows outward and eventually becomes part of the cell wall, resulting in two daughter cells.
- In an animal cell cytokinesis involves the formation of a cleavage furrow, where a ring of actin and myosin microfilaments contracts to pinch the cell into two.
How is cell division controlled?
Cell division is controlled by a system of proteins to prevent the formation of tumors. Internal controls by the name checkpoints also regulate every phase of cell division. These checkpoints allow the cell cycle molecules to move up a stage in the cell cycle.
What is the difference between a benign and malignant tumor?
- A benign tumor isn’t a malignant (cancerous) tumor. It grows more slowly than a cancerous tumor, has even borders and, unlike cancerous tumors, it won’t spread to other parts of your body.
- a benign tumor is a tumor that can cause problems if they grow in and disrupt certain organs but can often be removed by surgical procedure.
- Which differs from a malignant tumor which is a tumor that can spread into neighboring tissues and other parts of the body, displacing normal tissue and interrupting organ function.
Why do tumors occur?
: It is the cause of an extra amount of cell division in one’s body.
- Tumors occur because if the body does not find the transformed cell as abnormal and destroys it, the cell may proliferate to form a tumor.