BIOLOGY MACRO-MOLECULES QUIZ FLASHCARDS
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
- Made by cellular respiration
- Main energy source of cells
aerobic respiration
Aerobic respiration uses oxygen from the air to release energy from glucose.
anaerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration is the release of energy from glucose without using oxygen. This produces lactic acid
Calvin cycle (where and what)
- takes place in stroma of the chloroplast
- a set of chemical reactions performed by the plants to reduce carbon dioxide and other compounds into glucose.
cellular respiration (takes place in)
- takes place in cytoplasm and mitochondrian
chloroplast
- Where photosynthesis takes place
- Chloroplasts are plant cell organelles that convert light energy into relatively stable chemical energy via the photosynthetic process.
cristae
- cristae, finger-like projections that provide a large surface area for the reactions of cellular respiration.
electron transport chain (takes place in and function)
- in the inner membrane of mitochondrion
- electrons passed to oxygen
glycolysis (where and what)
- in the cytoplasm
- degrades glucose into pyruvate
Krebs (cytric acid) cycle
(where and what)
- mitochondrial matrix
- pyruvate into carbon dioxide
light-dependent reactions
In the light-dependent reactions, energy from sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll and that energy is converted into stored chemical energy.
light-independent reactions
In the light-independent reactions, the chemical energy harvested during the light-dependent reactions drives the assembly of sugar molecules from carbon dioxide.
matrix
Inside a mitochondrion is a space called
the matrix.
mitochondria
Mitochondria are organelles that have two membranes,an outer membrane and an inner membrane that is folded within the outer,
- which play central roles in the reactions of cellular respiration.
mitochondrian
singular version of mitochondria which is plural
organelle
a structure with one or more functions to perform within a cell.
photosynthesis (where and what)
- process in chloroplast
- Method of converting sun energy into chemical energy usable by cells
- Plants take carbon dioxide out of atmosphere and water out of the soil and use light to produce glucose releasing oxygen as a waste product.
pigment
Chlorophyll
reflects for the plant to look green
stroma
The cells and tissues that support and give structure to organs, glands, or other tissues in the body.
thylakoids
Thylakoids are pouch-like sacs that are bound to a membrane in the chloroplasts of a plant cell.
Is glucose a direct product of photosynthesis?
no,
What are the two major steps of photosynthesis?
- Light reactions (“photo”)
Use light to make high energy compounds NADPH and ATP
Produces O2
Thylakoid membrane
- Calvin cycle (“synthesis”)
Uses ATP and NADPH made in the light reactions to ‘fix’ carbon dioxide into glucose
2nd step takes place in the Stroma
Is respiration and cellular respiration the same thing?
Respiration, as it relates to breathing, and cellular respiration are not the same.
- Respiration, in the breathing sense, refers to an exchange of gases. Usually an organism brings in oxygen from the environment and releases waste CO2.
- Cellular respiration is the aerobic (oxygen requiring) harvesting of energy from food molecules by cells.
Cellular respiration (where and how)
- Occurs in mitochondria of both plants and animals.
- The process that releases energy by breaking down food molecules to useable energy in the presence of oxygen.
What is the energy source for cells?
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
Why cant cells just use glucose for a long term energy source?
Glucose stores energy long term but does not transfer energy as easily so cells use ATP as immediate energy source and glucose for longer term.
ATP is used in all types of cells as basic energy source
jobs: active transport, moving organelles and vacuoles, contracting muscles
What is the connection between cellular respiration and photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis gives glucose and oxygen which is needed for the process of cellular respiration which then gives out carbon dioxide and water which is also needed for photosynthesis. (cycle)
Autotrophs
self feeders, organisms capable of making their own food
Photoautotrophs
use sun energy
Chemoautotrophs
Use chemical energy chemosynthesis-makes organic compounds from chemical energy (sulfur oxidizing bacteria; nitrogen fixing bacteria, iron oxidizing bacteria)
- They extract energy from chemical reactions instead of sunlight (ex.use energy to convert CO2 into organic molecules)
True or False? All living cells need energy to function.
True
True or False? If no sunlight is available, the cells of producers immediatley run out of energy
False
-they store energy
True or False? All producers and consumeers ultimately depend on the sugars that are produced during photosynthesis
True
True or False? Cellular respiraton is the process by which oxygen enters the lungs.
False
True or False? Photosynthesis occurs in many types of cells in a producer.
False,
- has to have chlorophyll
True or False? Cellular respiration occurs in many types of cells in producers and consumers.
True,
-all kinds of cells
True or False? Oxygen is needed for every reaction of cellular respiration.
False
- it is needed for electron transport chain in aerobic respiration
True or False? Photosynthesis and cellular respiration both require pigments.
False
- only photosynthesis requires pigments, which absorb light energy.
True or False? Photosynthesis and cellular respiration both require a number of specialized enzymes.
True
True or False? Photosynthesis converts solar energy into chemical energy.
True
What are the repeating subunits that make up a nucleic acid?
nucleotides
Which of the following describes the role of lipids?
- membrane structure
- energy storage
What do Nucleic acids store and for what?
Nucleic acids store genetic information that codes for traits.
What are the 4 macromolecule subunits and what do they do? (The monomers that make them up)
- Carbohydrates: store energy, provide fuel, and build structure in body, main source of energy, structure of plant cell wall. (monosaccharides)
- Lipids: Insulator and stores fat and energy (glycerol/fatty acids)
- Proteins: provide structural support,transport, enzymes, movement, defense. (amino acids)
- Nucleic acids (DNA) : stores and transfers info (nucleotides)
A biological macromolecule is made up of glycerol and fatty acids.
Based on this informaton what type of molecule is this?
Lipid
What do proteins provide/function?
Proteins –> provide cell structure
Which of the following is true of enzymes?
a. They increase the rate of reaction by stabilizing the transition state.
b. They raise activation energy to shift the equibrium to favor the products.
c. They lower activation energy by altering the products of a reaction.
A.
A cell contains… (how many enzymes.)
thousands of different enzymes, each prompting a different reaction.
Enzymes affect the reactions in living cells by changing the…
speed of the reaction
A catalyst will make a reaction… (slow or speed)
speed up
In an experiment you find that high temperature reduce enzyme activity. This result is most likely due to the effect of high temperature on the…
structure of the enzyme
The fact that amylase in the human small intestine works best at normal body temperature (37 degrees C) suggests that…
the optimum temp for the amylase is 37 degrees C
The molecule on which an enzyme acts is called a(n)
substrate
The various enzymes in our bodies are:
proteins
The part of the enzyme where the substrate binds is known as the…
the active site
Building blocks of proteins are
amino acids
What is the name of the high energy molecule used by cells?
ATP
Glycolysis occurs in which part of the cell?
Cytoplasm
Where exactly does the citric acid (Kreb) cycle take place within the cell?
Matrix of mitochondria
Where exactly in the cell does the electron transport chain occur?
Inner membrane of the mitochondria
During glycolysis, glucose is split into two molecules of what?
Pryuvate
If oxygen is not present, pyruvate molecules undergo what?
Fermentation
What are the products of fermentation in plant cells and yeast.
Carbon dioxide, ethanol, and ATP
In the final stage of the electron transport chain, what do hydrogen ions and electrons combine with to form water?
Oxygen
What do autotrophs convert carbon dioxide and water into?
They convert carbon dioxide and water into complex, energy-rich organic molecules.
What is released as a byproduct of photosynthesis
Oxygen and Glucose
Which best describes light-independent reactions?
They utilize the energy stored in ATP and NADPH.
Why do we perceive chlorophyll as being green?
Because it reflects green light.
Which would you expect to increase the rate of photosynthesis?
Increasing the carbon dioxide concentration.
Which could be used to monitor the rate of photosynthesis in a plant?
Oxygen production
Describe the inputs and outputs of cellular respiration.
Inputs: Glucose and Oxygen
Outputs: ATP, Carbon Dioxide, and Water
1.
Describe the inputs and outputs of photosynthesis.
Input: Water+Carbon Dioxide+ Energy from sun
Output: Oxygen and Glucose
Define enzymes and how they function.
Enzymes are proteins
- primary constituents of all living organisms. They act as catalysts, which means that they make biochemical reactions happen faster than they would otherwise
Describe a generalized enzyme-substrate reaction, stating the function of an enzyme’s active site.
- An enzyme attracts substrates to its active site, catalyzes the chemical reaction by which products are formed, and then allows the products to dissociate (separate from the enzyme surface).
- The combination formed by an enzyme and its substrates is called the enzyme–substrate complex.
What is the role of photosynthesis to the carbon cycle?
- Plants absorb carbon dioxide during photosynthesis.
What is the role of cellular respiration to the carbon cycle?
- cellular respiration release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
