BIOLOGY QUIZ / Genetics Flashcards
What are trade offs to BT corn?
- not studied/researched enough
- expensive
What are advantages to Bt Corn?
- Promotes sustainability (fights off world hunger)
- reduces chemical pesticide
- higher crop yields
describe the purpose of the cell lysis solution and the DNA precipitation solution.
The purpose of the cell lysis solution and the DNA precipitation solution was to release DNA into a
solution.
How is the mechanism for isolating DNA from an organism connected to the mechanism for
genetically modifying that organism?
DNA isolation allows scientists to take out specific genes, which
can be handled and put into another organism’s DNA to create a genetically modified organism.
- isolating DNA is a crucial starting point that connects to the steps of genetic modification.
Explain how DNA is isolated from an organism. Be sure to explain each of the steps.
1) Breaking up cell tissue and cell membrane and to open up the cell for DNA isolation.
2) CELL LYSIS: Disruption of the physical cellular structure which involves Cell Lysis which is
used to break open the cells and release the DNA from the cell interior; which creates a lysate.
3) DNA PRECIPITATION: The purpose of the cell lysis solution and the DNA precipitation
solution was to release DNA into a solution. Purpose of DNA precipitation and the Cell Lysis is
to break up cell tissue and cell membranes and open up the cell to isolate DNA.
4) Purification - Make sure there aren’t any impurities and unnecessary debris within the
isolation.
What is genomics?
Genomics is the study of the complete sequence of an organism’s genetic material and
its organization.
How has the field of genomics developed over the past 40 years?
Advancements in biology technology tools and its methods. Scientists have developed faster and cheaper technology for sequencing genomes.
Describe the Human Genome Project and its major accomplishments.
The Human Genome Project was a collaboration between scientists around the world to attempt to determine the human genome sequence.
Its major accomplishment was finding the human genome sequence
How can genomic research help scientists understand the mechanisms of heredity?
- By helping to understand and determine which specific gene sequences in the human population
contribute to diseases. - Genetic research also helps in identifying many hereditary diseases. (scientists can develop better medicine and treatments.
- By comparing the genomes of different species, scientists can trace the evolutionary history of genes and understand how genetic mechanisms of heredity have evolved over time.
What types of sustainability challenges have scientists researched using genomics
1) Alternative Energy
2) Ecosystem Biodiversity
3) Evolution
4) Human Health
In the DNA electrophoresis, do the smallest bands move the farthest (quicker) or the slowest than common-sized DNA.
They move farther and quicker than long bands
Do common-sized DNA move the farthest or slowest.
They move the slowest and common-sized DNA usually have thick/darker bands which insinuates overlapped DNA.
How can gel electrophoresis be used to determine the presence of a specific gene or genes?
By separating the DNA by size so you can determine the presence of a specific gene.
What are the possible benefits and risks involved in developing genetically modified organisms to produce biofuels?
POSSIBLE BENEFITS:
- If they develop genetically modified organisms to produce bio fuels then we can have a
more sustainable energy source.
POSSIBLE RISKS:
- Possible risks in developing genetically modified organisms to produce bio fuels is that it
could potentially have negative effects, as genetic engineering still needs studying, like
disrupted ecosystems and it could affect unmodified organisms nearby.
Explain how scientists genetically modify an organism.
1) identify a specific gene that provides a desired trait from one organism
2) isolate and copy that gene
3) insert it into the DNA of another organism
What are some reasons for isolating DNA as it relates to genetically modified organisms?
to identify and analyze the specific inserted genes, allowing researchers to confirm the presence of the modification, assess its functionality, and monitor potential unintended effects,
ESSENTIAL FOR:
- food safety regulations
- research on GMOs
- developing new genetic modifications.
Explain the relationship between food and food production and their relationship to sustainability.
if we over eat food, less sustainability
if we produce more food, more sustainability
What is DNA isolation?
a technique that separates DNA from other cellular components
What are genes made up of? (what is it apart of)
DNA
- it is a segment/part of DNA
What is a genome?
A genome is the complete sequence of an organism’s genetic material.
(a set of genes)
What organisms genome was first sequenced?
A bacteriophage
Over the years has genomics been cheaper or more expensive?
cheaper (more techniques available)
- more tools and research available
Complex organisms have larger genomes than simpler organisms. (True or False)
False
Is DNA positive or negative?
negative, so itll move to positive
Is cloning and genetic modification the same thing?
NO.
- Cloning provides an exact copy. Cloned genes can only be copied in the same species.
- Genetic modification (genetic engineering) something scientists do to pick out a specific set of genes and place these genes in an organism where the traits would be helpful. This can happen across species.
What are some trade offs with GM food?
- labeling GM foods adds time and cost to the production of these foods.
- people might assume that there is something wrong with the GM foods and not buy them.
Do policies on labeling GM food vary from country to country?
yes
What is gene expression?
(production of a protein)
Gene expression is the activity of genes in a cell. In genetically modified organisms the inserted gene expresses a new trait, often by making a specific protein.
What is the purpose of the control LB-ampicillin plate?
The LB control plate will show what grows with bacteria that has not been treated with plasmid and does not contain ampicillin.
What are regions of DNA that initiate the transcription of a gene
Promoters
What is a calluses?
a group of cells that will incorporate the new gene into their genome and grow into a mature organism.
Do exons or introns code for proteins?
exons code for proteins while introns dont
What is this process called?
“You will test each gene by adding it to the genome of a bacteria that does not kill caterpillars.”
transformation
What is the small part of DNA?
Plasmid
