BIOLOGY PROTEIN SYNTHESIS QUIZ Flashcards
The process by which a protein is synthesized from the information contained in a molecule of messenger RNA.
translation
A particular triplet of bases in the template strand of DNA is 5ʹ AGT 3ʹ. The corresponding codon for the mRNA transcribed is
3’ UCA 5’
RNA polymerase moves in which direction along the DNA?
3’ →5’ along the template strand
A particular triplet of bases in the coding sequence of DNA is AAA. The anticodon on the tRNA that binds the mRNA codon is
AAA
Accuracy in the translation of mRNA into the primary structure of a polypeptide depends on specificity of what?
The bonding of the anticodon to the codon and attachment of amino acids to tRNAs
A frameshift mutation could result from
either an insertion or a deletion of a base.
Which component is not directly involved in translation?
DNA
Protein synthesis corresponds to the process of what?
formation of amino acids from mRNA
In eukaryotic cells transcription take place in the nucleus, so where does transcription occur in prokaryotic cells?
cytoplasm
In eukaryotic cells translation take place on ribosomes so where does translation occur in prokaryotic cells?
ribosomes
*prokaryotic cells already have ribosomes
What complementary DNA sequence binds to this DNA sequence: G - T - C - A - C
C-A-G-T-G
Which of the following is incorrect with respect to mutation?
A: continuous,
B: spontaneous or sudden,
C: change in chromosomes and genes,
Continuous
We would expect that a 21-nucleotide sequence ending with a stop codon will direct the production of a polypeptide that consists of..
*don’t count the stop codon
6 codons
Which of the following is considered to be a mutation?
A: insertion,
B: deletion,
C: substitution,
D: all of the answer choices,
All of the answer choices
Gene expression is regulated…
A: to ensure that the correct proteins are made from the right genes
B: to ensure that the correct proteins are made in the cells in which they are needed
C: to ensure that all cells make the same proteins
D: to ensure that all cells only use some genes.,
B. to ensure that the correct proteins are made in the cells in which they are needed
If genes were not regulated, then what would happen?
All your cells would make the same proteins
True or False? All of your cells have the same genes.
True
True or False? In your body, different types of cells use different genes.
True
Muscle cells differ from nerve cells mainly because they..
Express different genes
Which of the following best describes gene expression?
A: fact that each individual of a species has a unique set of genes
B: flow of information from parent to offspring
C: the process by which DNA directs the synthesis of proteins
the process by which DNA directs the synthesis of proteins.
Which of the following statements about the DNA in one of your brain cells is true?
A: The majority of genes are likely to be transcribed
B: It is the same as the DNA in one of your heart cells
C: Most of the DNA codes for protein
It is the same as the DNA in one of your heart cells.
Which is NOT true of gene expression?
A: It dictates how a cell functions
B: It is the specific combination of genes that are turned on or off
C: It occurs because of cellular signals within your body
D: It creates different DNA within each of your cell types
It creates different DNA within each of your cell types
What is a stem cell?
A cell that can make copies of itself and make more specialized types of cell
Embryonic stem cells can differentiate into which types of cell?
All types of specialized cells in the body.
Neural stem cells from the brain can differentiate into which types of cell?
Only specialized brain cells
What are the roles of stem cells in our bodies?
They produce new specialized cells to replace cells that die or are used up.
How do genes determine the traits of an organism?
Within translation, a protein is built with the help of the sequence of codons in the
messenger RNA. The shape and function of the protein molecules are determined by the sequence of amino acids and the function of those protein molecules determine the traits of
organisms.
Is there errors in transcription or translations often? why?
No
because of codon names
What happens in transcription?
The information coded in a cell’s DNA instructs the cell to make a messenger
RNA molecule out of individual nucleotides. Thymine is replaced with Uracil and nucleotides are matched with base pairs until there is a full RNA transcript
which is then detached from the DNA strip.
What happens in translation?
he mRNA strand provides a RNA template for the sequence of amino acids in
the protein being produced. Each triplet of bases in mRNA, called a codon, matches with a complementary triplet, called an anticodon The anticodons of tRNA match with specific codons of mRNA which then creates a chain of
amino acids which are used to make the ending result of a complete protein.
Define protein synthesis
Protein synthesis is the process of making proteins
Predict the results of a two-base insertion or deletion to a strand of DNA that codes for a protein. How is this different from a three-base insertion or deletion?
Two-base insertion or deletion to a strand of DNA would result in a frame shift with amino acids. Three-base insertion or deletion would result in an adding or deletion of a codon which would not result in a frame shift unlike two-base insertion or deletion.
One night while watching TV you hear a newscaster say, “DNA mutations cause damaged proteins.” Based on your work in Part B, how would you respond to this claim?
I would disagree, This is because even with a base insertion, it can affect protein sequence, however it doesn’t damage the proteins themself.I would disagree with the claim that DNA mutations cause damaged proteins. This is because
even with a base insertion, it can affect protein sequence, however it doesn’t damage the proteins themself.
Describe the relationship between gene therapy and protein synthesis.
Gene therapy corrects the genetic defects which helps DNA to undergo protein synthesis without any errors. Inorder to go through gene therapy, you have to have something wrong with protein synthesis. Gene therapy’s type of genetic modification is Targeting the mRNA and repairing the specific section of the mRNA that has the non-functioning gene. Gene therapy treats and prevents genetic diseases which can involve problems regarding protein synthesis.
Explain why some proteins are made by nearly all cells, and give two examples.
Proteins are essential for the life of the cell because proteins are needed for cellular processes (like
support and ATP production) and you need proteins for the life of cells to perform metabolic processes.
What cellular mechanisms caused short-term changes in gene expression in the cell you investigated?
Cellular mechanisms that caused short-term changes in gene expression in the cell I investigated (the intestinal lining cell) are the repressors and the activators of the cell.
For your cell explain how gene expression relates to the cell’s ability to perform its function in the
body
Depending on the function of the cell, gene expression may vary. One cell could have a varying amount of gene expression while another can have an abundance of it; it all depends on the function of the actual cell.
How does terminator technology work?
Terminator technology is a type of genetic modification that allows people to control gene
expression in GM plants.
The first
type makes GM plants produce sterile seeds and is done by activating and repressing a series of
genes related to the seed development.
The second type controls the phenotype of the GM plant.
What kinds of problems is GURT intended to solve? (Must describe two problems.)
GURT is a type of genetic modification that allows people to control gene expression in GM plants. It
tends to solve the following:
- The concern that genetically modified organisms may spread engineered genes into
populations that are not genetically modified. - To solve the restrictiveness of the use of terminator technology in non authorized countries.
What are the pros and cons of GURT?
PROS:
- The genetic modification cannot be passed on to other generations
- Allows people to control gene expression in GM plants.
CONS:
- The control of gene expression in GURT plants has not been 100% effective. The seeds will
not always be sterile, or that the GM gene is expressed even though the chemical has not
been applied.
- - Scientists do not know the long-term effects of terminator technology.
What is the central dogma of biology?
the flow of genetic information from DNA to protein in eukaryotic cells
__________________________
DNA (replication)
– (transcription)–>
RNA
–(translation)–>
Protein
How is gene therapy used for inserting inside the body?
When a gene therapy is used to modify cells inside the body, a doctor will inject the vector carrying the gene directly into the patient.
What is a vector?
- a carrier is genetically
engineered to deliver the gene
How is gene therapy used for cells outside of the body?
- When gene therapy is used to modify cells outside the body, doctors take blood, bone marrow, or another tissue, and separate out specific cell types in the lab.
