Biology Test 2 Flashcards
Robert Hook
Cell (Cork)
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
Microscope
Schleiden and Schwann
All plants and animals have cells
Virchow
Cells come from Cells
Light Microscope
Used in the Laboratory highest is 1000x.
Transmission electron Microscope
Good internal detail
Scanning electron micrcsope
3d view with internal detail and can see chemicals.
Animal Gap Junction’s
Allow for rapid communications between animal cells with a tight seal.
Plant Junction/ Plasmodesmata
Allow for rapid communication between plant cells.
Plant cell
-Chloroplast/ photosynthesis
-Large central Vacuole/ storage
-Cell Wall
Animal Cell
Centrioles
Function
regulates the movement of materials in and out of the cell; communication between cells of tissues.
Diffusion
Movement of molecules from an high concentration to an area of lesser concentration (Ex. Lemon in water)
Osmosis
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.
Isotonic
no net movement
Hypertonic
H2O moves out and cell shrinks causing less water outside and more solute outside the cell.
Hypotonic
H2O moves in and the Cell swells which causes less solute outside the cell.
Passive transport (Facilitated diffusion)
Molecules move with concentration gradient. No energy needed.
Active Transports
Molecules move against the concentration gradient requires energy (ATP) (Ex. Na+/K+ pump)
Endocytosis
Take in materials
Exocytosis
Exit of materials from the cell.
Phagocytosis
Food particle or larger molecule is taken by the cell (cellular Eating)
Energy
Capacity to or ability to perform work.
Kinetic energy
Motion
Potential energy
Resting
1st law of thermodynamics
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed; however it can change from on form to another.
2nd law of thermodynamics
With each energy transformation, some useable energy is lost as heat and therefore entropy is increasing.
Entropy
Measurement of disorder
Activation energy
Enzymes act as catalysts or speed up chemical reactions.
Enzymes
Proteins that speed up metabolism.
-Suffix -ase added.
-They have shape
-They are specfic
-Optimal pH and temperature.
Enzyme substrate complex
The two are fit together
ATP
-Adenosine Triphasphate
-Made in the Mitochondria.
Photons
Light arrives in tiny packets of energy.
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Different wavelengths of light visible; light portion in the chloroplast.
Chloroplast Structure: Grana
Stacks of thylakoids
Chloroplast Structure: Thylakoids
Location of light spend reactions.
Chloroplast Structure: Stroma
Fluid of the chloroplast & location of the light independent reaction.
Light dependent reactions
Needs light sunlight. Sunlight is captured and converted to ATP. (Light is converted to chemical energy, which is stored in ATP & NADPH, also water is split.)
Light-independent reactions
Doesn’t need light. Using products of light-dependent reactions, CO2 is captured to make organic compounds. Assemble of ATP & NADPH.)
C3
Cool weather: Wheat and Rice.
C4
Warm Weather: Corn
CAM
Dry, arid, and only fix carbon dioxide at night.
Cilia
Short Microscopic hair.
Metabolism
Food into energy.
Parts of cell membrane
Proteins and lipids (some cholestoral)
Pinocytosis
Very small particle or those dissolved in liquid (cellular Drinking).
