Biology Quiz 1 Flashcards
What are the two types of microscopes?
Electron Microscope
Light Microscope
What can be seen in the light microscope?
Can observe single cells
Cell Membrane
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
What can be observed through electron microscope?
Can observe cellular organelles like:
Golgi
ER
Mitochondria
Why does electron microscope have higher resolution than light?
Shorter Wavelength that allows smaller objects to be observed
(the shorter the wavelength the better the image)
What are the two types of Electron Microscopes?
Scanning
Transmission
What does a scanning electron microscope observe and what type of picture is given?
The surface (3-D)
What does a transmission electron microscope observe and what type of picture is given?
Internal “parts” organelles (2-D)
How does Transmission EM view and display image? (what is used ex light in light microscope)
A series of lenses pass an electron beam through specimen and show 2-D image
How does Fluorescent Microscope work?
Uses fluorescent antibodies or dyes to observe specific parts of the cell
*Know anatomy of light microscope
KNOW IT
What is the magnification of the optical lens (eye piece)
10X
What are the objectives lenses and what size?
Lenses are the lenses viewed through sizes are 4, 10, 45, 100
What is the total magnification of the objective and eye piece
40X, 100X, 450X, 1000X
What is the body tube?
Long tube that houses eye piece
What is the nose piece?
Attachment point for the objectives
What is the Iris type diaphragm?
Control the diameter of the condenser and amount of light
What is the condenser?
converges the light rays into a focus beneath object
What is the illuminator?
Provides a light source to show through the object (trans illuminate)
What is the Base?
Bottom of the microscope
What is the fine adjustment Knob
Fine adjustment of focus
What is the coarse adjustment knob
coarse adjustment of focus
What is the stage?
platform on which the object is transilluminated
What is the slide clip?
Hold the slide in place during observation
What is the object?
Specimen under observation
What is the objective?
one of four separate lenses which magnify the image to varying degrees
What does parfocal mean?
Focus one and switch to any one of the others and it will stay in focus
What is the arm?
the bent part of the microscope which holds the lens system above the object.
What is the pointer?
Thin strip of metal located in the body tube. It appears in the field and is useful to point
What is the eyepiece?
a second lens usually 10X
What is the pointer width for 40X magnification
160 um
What is the pointer width for 100X magnification?
65 um
What is the pointer width for 450X magnification?
15 um
What are muscles responsible for?
Body Movement
Organ motion (heart beat)
Heat (ATP)
What shape do muscle cells often have?
oblong cylindrical shape sometimes called “fibers”
What are the 3 main types of muscle tissue and where are they found?
Skeletal (attached to bones)
Cardiac (heart)
Smooth (surround body tubes)
How long are muscle cells?
As long as the muscle
Do muscle cells have little or many nuclei?
MANY to keep up with the large demands of the cell
Where are nuclei located?
PERIPHERY (edge of the cell)
What are key characteristics of muscle cell?
striated
many nuclei
nuclei found on edge of cell
no cytoplasm, filled with fibers
What is the level of organization of skeletal muscle tissue?
muscle bundle of muscle fibers individual muscle fibers myofibrils single myofibrils portion of myofibril (sarcomere- filaments)
What is Sarcomere?
(Striations in muscle tissue) Includes Z line, I band, A band, thick filaments
What is the Sarcolemma?
Plasma Membrane
What is the Sarcoplasm?
Cytoplasm
What is a disease that occurs in skeletal muscle
Muscular Dystrophy
What is muscular dystrophy?
X linked disorder (males get)
Muscle weakness, wasting, degeneration
What are the thin/ light filaments in Skeletal muscle?
Actin (string of pearl look)
What are the dark/ thick filaments?
Myacin (golf club look)
What is the name of the protein associated with the sarcolemma that binds actin and stabilizes the membrane during muscle contraction?
dystrophin
What makes up collagen?
Fibroblasts
What are the 11 steps of scientific method?
1) Ask Questions
2) RESEARCH
3) develop hypotheses
4) design an experiment to test the hypothesis
5) predict outcome
6) collect data
7) organize data =results
8) discussion/ explanations
9) revise original hypothesis
10) design new experiment
11) share findings
T/F A hypothesis CAN be proven
False. It is only supported or not supported
What is an independent variable?
One variable that a scientist manipulates
What is a dependent variable?
Variables that are measured
What is a controlled variable?
Variable that is kept constant and not changed
Why do we use model systems?
more ethical
cost effective
similar to humans
Why is yeast a good model system?
cheap easy to grow similar to humans -eukaryotic -25% of genome is same Much is known
What does the spectrometer measure?
The amount of light that passes through a culture
Where are Cardiac Muscle cells found?
ONLY in the walls of the heart
What is the function of Cardiac muscle cells
Contractions of these muscle cells help propel blood through the blood vessels to the other parts of the body
Cardiac Muscle Cell Features
Striated (like skeletal)
Shorter in length than skeletal
Central located nuclei
Have 1 or 2 nuclei
Have more mitochondria than skeletal muscle
join other cardiac muscle cells at junctions called intercalated disks
What is a disease that is associated with cardiac muscle
Myocardial Infarction
What happens to the muscle after myocardial infarction?
lack intracellular striations, thick and irregularly shaped nuclei
and scar tissue is formed
What are the different phases that can be determined on a graph?
Lag
Log
Stationary
Death
What is the Lag Phase
Cells adapting to environment
What is the Log Phase?
The rapid growth in cells over a short period of time
What is the stationary phase?
Cells die and grow at a similar rate
What is the death phase?
Cells rapidly die and stop growing
What is quantitative data?
Numbers
What do intercalated disks allow?
To contract all at one time and in unison so not to tremor
What do gap junctions allow?
ions to pass through, calcium to bind to channels
How many distinct chemicals reactions occurr in trinder reagent ?
2
What is the most complex muscle cell type?
Smooth
Where is smooth muscle found?
body tubes, hollow organs, veins, arteries, capillaries, airways, intestines
What is the smooth muscle’s function?
Move things through tubes
-blood, air, food
What are the parts of the body tube (going from inside to outside)
Lumen
epithelial
connective
smooth muscle
What shape does smooth muscle have?
spindle
What are defining elements of smooth muscle?
actin myacin crossbars central nuclei no striations surrounded by connective tissue myofibrils are present but loosely organized
What is a disease we talked about that relates to this muscle?
Hypertension/ Atherosclerosis
What is hypertension and atherosclerosis?
the thickening of the vessel walls, build up of plaque in blood vessel and high blood pressure
What are the products of glucose fermentation?
CO2 and ethanol
What are the 4 major categories of Tissue Types?
Muscle
Connective
Epithelial
Neurons
What are the 4 categories of connective tissue?
Connective tissue proper (tendons)
Cartilage
Bone
Blood
What major tissue type is most abundant?
Connective tissue
What are functions of connective tissue?
Connection
Protection
Insulation/Energy Storage
Transport
What are defining characteristics of connective tissue?
Secretory cells -produce collagen -produce calcium phosphate -produce antibodies Few Cells Lots of extra cellular material
What are fibroblasts
One type of connective tissue cell that forms tendons and ligaments
Defining aspects of fibroblasts?
One nucleus
Lots of Rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi
What shape is collagen?
triple helix
What disease/ syndrome is associated with collagen and fibroblasts?
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
What is Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome?
Rare genetic disorder
hyper-elasticity of the skin and hyper-mobility of the joints
Defective collagen fibrils
Tendons resemble skeletal muscle except what?
no striations
