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Biology > Biology Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Biology Quiz 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the two types of microscopes?

A

Electron Microscope

Light Microscope

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2
Q

What can be seen in the light microscope?

A

Can observe single cells
Cell Membrane
Nucleus
Cytoplasm

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3
Q

What can be observed through electron microscope?

A

Can observe cellular organelles like:
Golgi
ER
Mitochondria

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4
Q

Why does electron microscope have higher resolution than light?

A

Shorter Wavelength that allows smaller objects to be observed
(the shorter the wavelength the better the image)

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5
Q

What are the two types of Electron Microscopes?

A

Scanning

Transmission

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6
Q

What does a scanning electron microscope observe and what type of picture is given?

A

The surface (3-D)

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7
Q

What does a transmission electron microscope observe and what type of picture is given?

A

Internal “parts” organelles (2-D)

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8
Q

How does Transmission EM view and display image? (what is used ex light in light microscope)

A

A series of lenses pass an electron beam through specimen and show 2-D image

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9
Q

How does Fluorescent Microscope work?

A

Uses fluorescent antibodies or dyes to observe specific parts of the cell

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10
Q

*Know anatomy of light microscope

A

KNOW IT

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11
Q

What is the magnification of the optical lens (eye piece)

A

10X

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12
Q

What are the objectives lenses and what size?

A

Lenses are the lenses viewed through sizes are 4, 10, 45, 100

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13
Q

What is the total magnification of the objective and eye piece

A

40X, 100X, 450X, 1000X

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14
Q

What is the body tube?

A

Long tube that houses eye piece

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15
Q

What is the nose piece?

A

Attachment point for the objectives

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16
Q

What is the Iris type diaphragm?

A

Control the diameter of the condenser and amount of light

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17
Q

What is the condenser?

A

converges the light rays into a focus beneath object

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18
Q

What is the illuminator?

A

Provides a light source to show through the object (trans illuminate)

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19
Q

What is the Base?

A

Bottom of the microscope

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20
Q

What is the fine adjustment Knob

A

Fine adjustment of focus

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21
Q

What is the coarse adjustment knob

A

coarse adjustment of focus

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22
Q

What is the stage?

A

platform on which the object is transilluminated

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23
Q

What is the slide clip?

A

Hold the slide in place during observation

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24
Q

What is the object?

A

Specimen under observation

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25
Q

What is the objective?

A

one of four separate lenses which magnify the image to varying degrees

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26
Q

What does parfocal mean?

A

Focus one and switch to any one of the others and it will stay in focus

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27
Q

What is the arm?

A

the bent part of the microscope which holds the lens system above the object.

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28
Q

What is the pointer?

A

Thin strip of metal located in the body tube. It appears in the field and is useful to point

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29
Q

What is the eyepiece?

A

a second lens usually 10X

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30
Q

What is the pointer width for 40X magnification

A

160 um

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31
Q

What is the pointer width for 100X magnification?

A

65 um

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32
Q

What is the pointer width for 450X magnification?

A

15 um

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33
Q

What are muscles responsible for?

A

Body Movement
Organ motion (heart beat)
Heat (ATP)

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34
Q

What shape do muscle cells often have?

A

oblong cylindrical shape sometimes called “fibers”

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35
Q

What are the 3 main types of muscle tissue and where are they found?

A

Skeletal (attached to bones)
Cardiac (heart)
Smooth (surround body tubes)

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36
Q

How long are muscle cells?

A

As long as the muscle

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37
Q

Do muscle cells have little or many nuclei?

A

MANY to keep up with the large demands of the cell

38
Q

Where are nuclei located?

A

PERIPHERY (edge of the cell)

39
Q

What are key characteristics of muscle cell?

A

striated
many nuclei
nuclei found on edge of cell
no cytoplasm, filled with fibers

40
Q

What is the level of organization of skeletal muscle tissue?

A 
muscle
bundle of muscle fibers
individual muscle fibers
myofibrils
single myofibrils
portion of myofibril (sarcomere- filaments)
41
Q

What is Sarcomere?

A

(Striations in muscle tissue) Includes Z line, I band, A band, thick filaments

42
Q

What is the Sarcolemma?

A

Plasma Membrane

43
Q

What is the Sarcoplasm?

A

Cytoplasm

44
Q

What is a disease that occurs in skeletal muscle

A

Muscular Dystrophy

45
Q

What is muscular dystrophy?

A

X linked disorder (males get)

Muscle weakness, wasting, degeneration

46
Q

What are the thin/ light filaments in Skeletal muscle?

A

Actin (string of pearl look)

47
Q

What are the dark/ thick filaments?

A

Myacin (golf club look)

48
Q

What is the name of the protein associated with the sarcolemma that binds actin and stabilizes the membrane during muscle contraction?

A

dystrophin

49
Q

What makes up collagen?

A

Fibroblasts

50
Q

What are the 11 steps of scientific method?

A

1) Ask Questions
2) RESEARCH
3) develop hypotheses
4) design an experiment to test the hypothesis
5) predict outcome
6) collect data
7) organize data =results
8) discussion/ explanations
9) revise original hypothesis
10) design new experiment
11) share findings

51
Q

T/F A hypothesis CAN be proven

A

False. It is only supported or not supported

52
Q

What is an independent variable?

A

One variable that a scientist manipulates

53
Q

What is a dependent variable?

A

Variables that are measured

54
Q

What is a controlled variable?

A

Variable that is kept constant and not changed

55
Q

Why do we use model systems?

A

more ethical
cost effective
similar to humans

56
Q

Why is yeast a good model system?

A 
cheap
easy to grow
similar to humans
-eukaryotic
-25% of genome is same
Much is known
57
Q

What does the spectrometer measure?

A

The amount of light that passes through a culture

58
Q

Where are Cardiac Muscle cells found?

A

ONLY in the walls of the heart

59
Q

What is the function of Cardiac muscle cells

A

Contractions of these muscle cells help propel blood through the blood vessels to the other parts of the body

60
Q

Cardiac Muscle Cell Features

A

Striated (like skeletal)
Shorter in length than skeletal
Central located nuclei
Have 1 or 2 nuclei
Have more mitochondria than skeletal muscle
join other cardiac muscle cells at junctions called intercalated disks

61
Q

What is a disease that is associated with cardiac muscle

A

Myocardial Infarction

62
Q

What happens to the muscle after myocardial infarction?

A

lack intracellular striations, thick and irregularly shaped nuclei
and scar tissue is formed

63
Q

What are the different phases that can be determined on a graph?

A

Lag
Log
Stationary
Death

64
Q

What is the Lag Phase

A

Cells adapting to environment

65
Q

What is the Log Phase?

A

The rapid growth in cells over a short period of time

66
Q

What is the stationary phase?

A

Cells die and grow at a similar rate

67
Q

What is the death phase?

A

Cells rapidly die and stop growing

68
Q

What is quantitative data?

A

Numbers

69
Q

What do intercalated disks allow?

A

To contract all at one time and in unison so not to tremor

70
Q

What do gap junctions allow?

A

ions to pass through, calcium to bind to channels

71
Q

How many distinct chemicals reactions occurr in trinder reagent ?

A

2

72
Q

What is the most complex muscle cell type?

A

Smooth

73
Q

Where is smooth muscle found?

A

body tubes, hollow organs, veins, arteries, capillaries, airways, intestines

74
Q

What is the smooth muscle’s function?

A

Move things through tubes

-blood, air, food

75
Q

What are the parts of the body tube (going from inside to outside)

A

Lumen
epithelial
connective
smooth muscle

76
Q

What shape does smooth muscle have?

A

spindle

77
Q

What are defining elements of smooth muscle?

A 
actin myacin crossbars
central nuclei
no striations
surrounded by connective tissue
myofibrils are present but loosely organized
78
Q

What is a disease we talked about that relates to this muscle?

A

Hypertension/ Atherosclerosis

79
Q

What is hypertension and atherosclerosis?

A

the thickening of the vessel walls, build up of plaque in blood vessel and high blood pressure

80
Q

What are the products of glucose fermentation?

A

CO2 and ethanol

81
Q

What are the 4 major categories of Tissue Types?

A

Muscle
Connective
Epithelial
Neurons

82
Q

What are the 4 categories of connective tissue?

A

Connective tissue proper (tendons)
Cartilage
Bone
Blood

83
Q

What major tissue type is most abundant?

A

Connective tissue

84
Q

What are functions of connective tissue?

A

Connection
Protection
Insulation/Energy Storage
Transport

85
Q

What are defining characteristics of connective tissue?

A 
Secretory cells
-produce collagen
-produce calcium phosphate
-produce antibodies
Few Cells 
Lots of extra cellular material
86
Q

What are fibroblasts

A

One type of connective tissue cell that forms tendons and ligaments

87
Q

Defining aspects of fibroblasts?

A

One nucleus

Lots of Rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi

88
Q

What shape is collagen?

A

triple helix

89
Q

What disease/ syndrome is associated with collagen and fibroblasts?

A

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome

90
Q

What is Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome?

A

Rare genetic disorder
hyper-elasticity of the skin and hyper-mobility of the joints
Defective collagen fibrils

91
Q

Tendons resemble skeletal muscle except what?

A

no striations

Biology (6 decks)

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