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Biology 112 Lab Final Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two basic types of microscope?

A

Light microscope

Electron microscope

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2
Q

What are some things light microscopes show?

A

can observe single cells
cell membrane
nucleus
cytoplasm

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3
Q

What are some things electron microscopes show?

A

Golgi
Er
Mitochondria

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4
Q

Why does electron microscope have higher resolution than light?

A

shorter wavelength allows smaller objects to be observed

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5
Q

What are the two types of electron microscopes?

A

Scanning

Transmission

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6
Q

What does the scanning electron microscope observe?

A

Surface

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7
Q

What does the transmission electron microscope observe?

A

Internal “parts”

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8
Q

How does fluorescent microscopy work?

A

fluorescent antibodies or dyes to observe SPECIFIC parts of the cell

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9
Q

What is the optical lens of the microscope and what magnification?

A

the eye piece and 10X

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10
Q

What are the objective lenses?

A

The lenses through which the subject is magnified?

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11
Q

What is the magnification of the objective lenses?

A

4X, 10X, 45X, and 100X

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12
Q

What is the total magnification of the eye piece and objective lenses?

A

40X, 100X, 450X, 1000X

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13
Q

What are the functions muscles are responsible for? (2)

A 
body movement
organ motion (heart beat)
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14
Q

What type of shape do muscle cells often have?

A

cylindrical shape

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15
Q

What are muscle cells often called?

A

muscle fibers

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16
Q

What are the 3 main types of muscle?

A

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

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17
Q

What is the length of a muscle cell?

A

length of the muscle

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18
Q

What is a distinguishing feature of muscle cells?

A

periphery nuclei (along outside)

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19
Q

What type of look do muscle cells have?

A

striated

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20
Q

What are the levels of organization of skeletal muscle tissue going from biggest to smallest?

A

muscle, muscle fiber bundle, individual muscle fiber, fibrils, single myofibril, sarcomere portion

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21
Q

What is the sarcomere composed of?

A

I band, A band, Z line, thick and thin filaments

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22
Q

What is the thin filament of a sarcomere called?

A

actin

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23
Q

What is the thick filament of the sarcomere called?

A

myosin

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24
Q

In muscle contraction what happens to the filaments?

A

They slide together

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25
Q

What is muscular dystrophy?

A

X-linked disorder

muscle weakness, wasting, degeneration, mutant dystrophin gene

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26
Q

What is dystophin?

A

A protein associated with the sarcolemma that binds actin and stabilizes the membrane during contraction

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27
Q

What are the steps of scientific method?

A

1) ask questions
2) research
3) develop hypothesis
4) design experiment
5) predict outcome of the experiment
6) collect data
7) organize results
8) discussion
9) revise hypothesis
10) design new experiment
11) share findings

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28
Q

What makes a good hypothesis?

A

must have research before proposed

must be specific and testable

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29
Q

T/F

A hypothesis can be proven

A

F

the data either supports or didn’t support the hypothesis

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30
Q

What is an independent variable?

A

One variable that the scientist manipulates

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31
Q

What is a dependent variable?

A

the variables the scientist measures

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32
Q

What is a controlled variable?

A

variables that are kept constant and not changed

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33
Q

What is a positive control?

A

treatment that SHOULD give a positive result

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34
Q

What is a negative control?

A

treatment that SHOULD give you a negative/no result

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35
Q

Why are yeast cells a good model system?

A

inexpensive
easy to grow
similar to humans (genome, eukaryotic)
much is known about them

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36
Q

Where is cardiac muscle found?

A

Only in the walls of the heart

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37
Q

What is the function of cardiac muscle?

A

To contract and propel blood through blood vessels to other parts of the body

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38
Q

What are some features of Cardiac Muscle Cell?

A 
Striated
shorter than skeletal
central located nuclei
have only 1 or 2 nuclei
more mitrochondria
intercalated disks
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39
Q

What is intercalated disks?

A

cardiac muscle cells at junctions

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40
Q

What are the phases of a growth graph?

A

Lag-initial adaption
Log- major growth
Stationary-death=growth
Death- death > growth

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41
Q

What is anaerobic metabolism?

A

No oxygen is present so uses the process of fermentation

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42
Q

What process was used to measure glucose?

A

assay

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43
Q

Where is smooth muscle cells found?

A

body “tubes

  • airways
  • blood vessels
  • intestine
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44
Q

What is the function of smooth muscle?

A

muscle contraction that moves stuff through the tube

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45
Q

What is the lumen?

A

the inside of the tube

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46
Q

What are the three layers of tissue lining the lumen?

A

Epithelial
Connective
Smooth

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47
Q

What is the shape of smooth muscle cells?

A

Spindle shaped

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48
Q

What are features of smooth muscle cells?

A

single, central nuclei
surrounded by connective tissue
NO striations
myofibrils are present

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49
Q

What is hypertension and atherosclerosis?

A

thickening of the vessel walls increasing blood pressure

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50
Q

What are the byproducts of fermentation?

A

carbon dioxide

ethanol

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51
Q

What are the 4 major types of tissue?

A

muscle
connective
epithelial
neurons

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52
Q

What are the 4 categories of connective tissue?

A

connective tissue proper
cartilage
bone
blood

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53
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue?

A

connect
protect
insulate
transport

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54
Q

What are defining characteristics of connective tissue?

A

secretory cells
-produce collage, calcium phosphate, antibodies
Few cells and a LOT of extracellular material

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55
Q

What is fibroblasts?

A

One type of connective tissue cell

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56
Q

What is a defining characteristic of fibroblasts?

A

nucleus
lots of RER and Golgi
forms tendons/ligaments

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57
Q

Why is there lots of Golgi and RER?

A

secrete collagen

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58
Q

What structure does collagen have?

A

triple helix

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59
Q

What is Ehlers-Danlos syndrome?

A

Rare, genetic disorder

hyperelasticity of skin, hypermobility of joints

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60
Q

What causes Ehlers-Danlos syndrome?

A

cause is defective collagen fibrils

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61
Q

Tendons appear what under light microscope?

A

wavy/ ribbon like

resembles skeletal muscle but no striations

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62
Q

What type of tissue is blood?

A

connective

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63
Q

Blood has what 3 main categories of cells?

A

red blood cells
neutrophils
lymphocytes

64
Q

What is another name for RBC?

A

erythrocytes

65
Q

What is the function of RBC?

A

Gas transport

66
Q

What is the O2 gas carried by?

A

hemoglobin

67
Q

What is hmoglobin?

A

IRON-containing protein that makes up over 90% of the non-water weight of the RBC

68
Q

What is Anemia?

A

caused by low levels of RBCs or hemoglobin

69
Q

What is some features of RBC?

A

no nucleus

inner tube shape

70
Q

What is a neutrophil?

A

most abundant of the white blood cells

71
Q

What is the function of neutrophil?

A

neutrophils migrate to site of infection and engulf microorganisims

72
Q

What part of neutrophil helps in its function?

A

lysozomes in cytoplasm

73
Q

What are some features of the neutrophil under light microscope?

A

lobed nucleus

74
Q

What is some features of the neutrophil under electron microscope

A

dense granules

plasma membrane extensions

75
Q

What is a lymphocyte?

A

2nd most abundant category of WBC

76
Q

What is the function of lymphocyte?

A

produce antibodies that bind foreign particles during immune response
-kill infected cells

77
Q

What are some features of the lymphocyte?

A

non-granular cytoplasm

large round nucleus

78
Q

What is lymphoma?

A

uncontrolled growth of lymphocytes

79
Q

What type of tissue is adipose?

A

connective

80
Q

How much of human body mass does adipose comprise?

81
Q

What is the function of adipose?

A

insulation and protection

82
Q

What are the cells that make up adipose tissue?

A

adipocytes

83
Q

What two things are adipocytes challenged in?

A

cytoplasm and organelles

84
Q

What is adipocytes mainly comprised of?

A

lipid droplets composed of triglycerides

85
Q

What is leptin?

A

a hormone secreted by adipocytes that regulates appetite

86
Q

Where are epithelial cells found in the body tubes?

A

lining the lumen

87
Q

What are some general characteristics of epithelial tissue?

A

lots of cells
no extracellular material
held together by tight junctions

88
Q

What are the functions of epithelial tissue?

A

forms lining of body tubes
protection:skin
absoption

89
Q

Classification of epithelial tissue

1 layer:

90
Q

epithelial tissue

>1 layer

A

stratified

91
Q

What is flattened epithelial cell?

92
Q

What is cube epithelial cell?

93
Q

What is tall epithelial cell?

94
Q

What is the epididymus?

A

Where sperm matures and is stored

95
Q

What is the overall goal of pGLO

A

take the GFP gene that has been cloned from jellyfish and transform it into bacteria

96
Q

What does GFP stand for?

A

Green fluorescent protein

97
Q

What does GFP look like?

A

cylindrical with chromophore in center

98
Q

What is the source of the green glow?

A

chromophore

99
Q

How many amino acids make up chromophore?

100
Q

What organism is the GFP gene isolated from?

101
Q

Before the GFP gene can be placed into bacteria why does analysis need to be done?

A

To make sure the gene isolated is really the GFP gene

102
Q

What are the two techniques used to analyze DNA?

A

restriction enzymes

gel elctrophoresis

103
Q

What is the process of restriction enzymes?

A

enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences of bases

104
Q

What are the sequences where restriction enzymes cut called?

A

restriction sites

105
Q

What is the process of gel electrophoresis?

A

technique to separate DNA fragments based on size by charges

106
Q

What is the plasmid in which GFP is contained?

107
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

circular piece of DNA common in bacteria that is used as carriers for genes

108
Q

What is agarose made from?

A

purified from the cell walls of red algae

109
Q

What is the electrophoresis gel made of?

110
Q

Why do we need DNA standards in gel electrophoresis?

A

Need to have known to compare with

111
Q

What is the nervous system comprised of?

A

brain
spinal cord
nerves

112
Q

What is the purpose of the nervous system?

A

regulate and control bodily functions

113
Q

What is the nervous system made up of?

A

nervous tissue

114
Q

Nervous tissue is made up of 2 cell types….

A

Neurons

Glial cells

115
Q

What are neurons?

A

able to communicate between brain and other cells

116
Q

What are glial cells?

A

provide support to neurons (glial means glue)

117
Q

What is the structure of a neuron?

A

Cell Body
Dendrites
Axons

118
Q

What is contained in cell body of neuron?

A

organelles

nucleus

119
Q

What is the function of dendrites?

A

Receive signals from “upstream”

120
Q

What is function of axon?

A

Transmits signal “downstream” to other cells

121
Q

How many axons per neuron?

122
Q

What is a synapse?

A

Junction between axon terminal and another cell

123
Q

How do the vesicles carrying the neurotransmitters get from the cell body all the way to the axon terminal?

A

transport on mircrotubules by motor proteins

124
Q

What are some neurodegenrative diseases?

A

multiple sclerosis
parkinsons
alzheimers

125
Q

What is a schwann cell?

A

type of glial cell

126
Q

What is the function of schwann cell?

A

Insulate axons of neurons

127
Q

How does schwann cell insulate axon?

A

wraps around axon, and the nucleus of schwann cell stays on outside

128
Q

What is produced by Schwann cells?

129
Q

What does the Schwann cell for around the axon?

A

myelin Sheath

130
Q

What is Multiple Sclerosis?

A

Demyelinating disease

myelin sheaths of axons in the brain and spinal cord are destroyed

131
Q

What does multiple sclerosis lead to?

A

physical disabilities, speech weakness, vision problems

132
Q

What is another name for liver cells?

A

Hepatocytes

133
Q

What are two facts about the liver?

A

2nd largest organ in the body

Largest gland in the body

134
Q

What are some functions of the liver?

A

1) receives nutrients in blood
2) produces bile that aids in digestion of fats
3) breaks down toxic substances and metabolizes drugs
4) storage of glucose as glycogen
5) production of fatty acids
6) synthesize cholesterol
7) synthesize blood plasma proteins

135
Q

What structure does liver cells have?

A

ribbon-like

136
Q

What is hepatocytes low power?

A

hepatocytes radiate from central vein

137
Q

What is sinusoid?

A

Large capillary (blood vessel) that empties into central vein

138
Q

Under the electron microscope, what can be seen for liver?

A

Observe MANY organelles:

1) granules containing glycogen
2) rough ER
3) Smooth ER
4) Mitochondria

139
Q

What is the Role of Smooth ER in glycogen metabolism

A

Removes phosphate from glucose 6P before it leaves smooth ER

140
Q

What is Hepatitis (inflammation)?

A

caused by viruses

141
Q

What is Cirrhosis?

A

fibrous tissue replaced dead cells, caused by alcoholism

142
Q

What is the pancreas?

A

Part of digestive system

143
Q

What are the two types of functions of the pancreas?

A

Exocrine

Endocrine

144
Q

What is the Exocrine function of the pancreas?

A

Acinar cells

145
Q

What are acinar cells/ function?

A

Secretes enzymes by way of large, dense secretory vesicles

-called proteases and they degrade proteins

146
Q

What do acinar cells contain?

A

lots of rough ER

147
Q

How do acinar cells work?

A

vesicles deliver enzymes into duct that leads to small intestine

148
Q

What is the endocrine function of the pancreas?

A

alpha and beta cells are scattered in the pancreas and are surrounded by acinar cells

149
Q

What is another name for the alpha and beta cells?

A

Islets of Langerhans

150
Q

What is a unique difference between Islets of Langerhans and acinar?

A

Islet of Langerhans has smaller, less dense secretory vesicles

151
Q

What is the function of Islets of Langerhans?

A

Secretes hormones into ECF

152
Q

What does the beta cells of the Islets of Langerhans secrete?

153
Q

What does the alpha cells of the islets of langerhans secrete?

154
Q

What is a disease of the beta cells?

A

diabetes fails to secrete insulin

155
Q

What is the bacteria of the sequenced genome we are working on?

A

Pedobacter heparinus

156
Q

What are some facts about Pedobacter heparinus?

A

free living soil bacterium
metaboliz heparin as sole carbon source
4,500 protein coding genes

Biology (6 decks)

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