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A Level > Biology module 5 (mostly) > Flashcards

Biology module 5 (mostly) Flashcards

1
Q

Phylogeny definition

A

The evolutionary relationship between organisms

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2
Q

Biodiversity definition

A

The range/number of individuals in an area
Range of habitats
Variety of alleles
Combination of species richness and evenness

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3
Q

Regions on an antibody

A

Hinge
Constant region
Variable region

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4
Q

Structure of a photosystem

A

Accessory pigments channel light down to the primary pigment
P700 - photosystem 1
P680 - photosystem 2
Located in thylakoid membrane of grana

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5
Q

Photolysis of water

A

2H2O —-> 4H+ + 4e- + O2

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6
Q

Parts of the nervous system

A 
Central nervous system
peripheral nervous system
somatic nervous system - controlled
autonomic nervous system - uncontrolled
sympathetic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system
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7
Q

Hypothalamus

A

controls boy temperature

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8
Q

Pituitary gland

A

controls hormone release

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9
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Controls breathing and heart rate

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10
Q

Cerebellum

A

Coordination, balance and posture

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11
Q

Cerebrum

A

Vision, hearing learning and thinking

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12
Q

Nerves controlling heart rate

A 
Accelerans nerve
- sympathetic
- noradrenaline
Vagus nerve
- parasympathetic
- acetyl choline
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13
Q

What controls heart rate in the brain?

A

The cardiovascular centre

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14
Q

Baroreceptors

A

Pressure receptors in the heart

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15
Q

Voluntary muscles

A

Striated
Multinucleate
Made of sarcomeres which make up myofibrils - parallel fibres

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16
Q

Involuntary muscle

A 
Non striated
One nucleus
Circular and longitudinal layer
Spindle shaped
No fibres
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17
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Striated
Fibres with cross bridges
Have intercalated discs joining cells
Myogenic

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18
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Membrane surrounding fibres which contains the acetyl choline receptors

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19
Q

What makes up the thin filaments in the sarcomere?

A

2 chains of actin
Tropomyosin wrapped around
Troponin attached to tropomyosin

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20
Q

What happens in the sliding filament hypothesis?

A

I band shortens (light bit)
A band stays the same (dark bit)
H zone shortens

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21
Q

Secondary metabolite

A

Produced once the population has reached a certain size
Stationary phase
Batch culture is used
Collected products in death phase

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22
Q

What is the equation for the colony forming unit?

A

Number of colonies counted/(dilution factor)(Volume plated)

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23
Q

What are the 4 methods of immobilising enzymes?

A

Adsorbtion
Covalent bonding
Entrapment
Membrane separation

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24
Q

Organism that controls their own body temperature

A

Endotherm

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25
Q

Organism that doesn’t control their own body temperature?

A

Ectotherm

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26
Q

WHat does a sensory neurone have?

A

A dendron
dendrites
A nucleus that isn’t attached to the axon
Myelin sheath

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27
Q

What does a relay neurone have?

A

Cell body in the middle, round with axons with dendrites coming off

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28
Q

What does a motor neurone have?

A 
Nucleus at one end
Axon coming off it
Myelin sheath
No dendron
Nodes of ranvier
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29
Q

What causes myelin sheaths?

A

Schwann cells

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30
Q

What is a transducer?

A

A cell which converts one form of energy into another

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31
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A

Rings of connective tissue wrapped around the end of neurones
When it is deformed, sodium channels open and produce a generator potential that can then reach the threshold potential

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32
Q

Refractory period

A

Cant have action potential immediately after the first because it takes time to restore resting potential

33
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

Where the action potential jumps from one node of ranvier to the next, making it quicker

34
Q

Summation

A

When several EPSPs (excitatory post synaptic potentials) combine together to form an action potential

35
Q

Spatial summation

A

Action potentials from different neurones combine together

36
Q

EPSP

A

excitatory post synaptic potentials

37
Q

Temporal summation

A

When a low level stimulus combines lots of small depolarisations to form an action potential

38
Q

Divergent

A

One neurone to many

39
Q

COnvergent

A

Many to one

40
Q

Habituation

A

When the vesicles containing the neurotransmitter run out
We get used to the stimulus
The neurone is fatigued

41
Q

IPSPs

A

Inhibitory post synaptic potentials

Open chloride ion channels which causes hyperpolarisation

42
Q

What does anaerobic respiration produce?

A

NAD from NADH so it can be reused in glycolysis

In plants CO2 is also produced

43
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Group of cells surrounding a small duct

44
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Ductless glands which manufacture hormones and release them directly into the blood

45
Q

Hormones

A

Messengers
Carry a signal to a specific target tissue
Proteins of steroids

46
Q

Protein hormones

A

Insoluble in the phospholipid bilayer so need receptors on target cells

  • Activate G protein
  • Activate adenyl cyclase
  • AMP to CAMP
  • Enzyme cascade
47
Q

Steroid hormones

A

Soluble in the phospholipid bilayer so act directly on DNA

  • Bind with complementary receptor protein in cytoplasm
  • Complex enter nucleus and binds to receptor on DNA
  • mRNA production stimulated
48
Q

WHere is adrenaline produced?

A

Adrenal medulla

49
Q

What are the layers of the adrenal cortex?

A

Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis

50
Q

Zona glomerulosa

A

Secretes mineralocorticoids
Controls concentrations of Na+ and K+
Maintains blood pressure
eg. aldosterone - increases water retention

51
Q

Zona fasciculata

A

Secretes glucocorticoids
Control metabolism of carbs/fats/proteins in liver
eg. Cortisol - stimulates production of glucose form the liver

52
Q

Zona reticularis

A

Precursor androgens - converted to sex hormones, regulate gamete production
Can also produce cortisol

53
Q

Where are exocrine glands found in the pancreas?

A

In the acini

Around a tubule that go into interlobular ducts that go into the pancreatic duct

54
Q

What does pancreatic amylase do?

A

Amylose to maltose

55
Q

What does trypsinogen do?

A

Protease to trypsin, into duodenum

56
Q

What does lipase do?

A

Digests lipid molecules

57
Q

Where are the endocrine glands located in the pancreas?

A

Islets of langerhans

58
Q

What types of cells secrete what in the pancreas?

A

Alpha cells - glucagon

Beta cells - insulin

59
Q

How is insulin released?

A
  • Glucose diffuses into beta cells
  • Glucose to ATP
  • ATP closes K+ ion channels
  • Depolarises the inside
  • Causes Ca2+ voltage gated ion channels to open and Ca2+ to diffuse in
  • Ca2+ causes vesicles containing insulin to bind and exocytosis
60
Q

How does the insulin hormone work?

A
  • Binds to receptor on liver plasma membrane
  • Tyrosine kinase is released and causes an enzyme cascade
  • Vesicles containing glucose transporter proteins bind to membrane and place them in it
  • More glucose enters to be stored as glycogen
61
Q

What are the 3 Gs?

A

Glycogenesis
Glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis

62
Q

What is respiratory acidosis?

A

When the blood pH drops too low due to too much CO2 in the blood
H+ and HCO3-
Acidic reduces Hb affinity for O2

63
Q

What are the vessels in the liver?

A 
Hepatic vein
Hepatic artery
Hepatic portal vein
Bile duct
Bile canaliculi 
Inter/ra lobular vessels
Sinusoid
64
Q

What are liver cells called?

A

Hepatocytes

65
Q

What are the cells in the sinusoidc called that break down erythrocytes?

A

Kupffer cells

66
Q

Detoxification of alcohol

A 
Ethanol
Ethanal
Acetate (ethanoate)
Acetyl CoA - respiration
Hydrogen and NADH given off at each stage
NAD is used up
67
Q

Deamination

A

Breaking down excess amino acids

Amino acid + O2 —-> keto acid + 2NH3

68
Q

What happens to the keto acid in deamination?

A

Enters respiration to release energy

69
Q

What happens to the ammonia from deamination?

A

Enters the ornithine cycle

70
Q

The ornithine cycle

A

2NH3 + CO2 —> urea + H2O

Urea can be excreted

71
Q

What are the 3 layers of barrier in the glomerulus?

A

The endothelium in the capillary
The basement membrane
The epithelial cells - podocytes - in the bowman’s capsule

72
Q

Podocytes

A

Have major processes - finger like progections
Minor processes
Hold cells apart so there are gaps

73
Q

Selective reabsorption

A
  • Active transport of Na+ out of cell lining proximal convoluted tubule
  • Cotransport of Na+ and glucose/amino acids back into cell
  • Osmosis of water into cell from tubule
  • Active transport of substances out of cell into blood
  • Osmosis of water into blood from cell
74
Q

Osmoregulation when water potential is low

A
  • Osmoreceptors in brain shrink
  • Neurosecretory cells detect and cause action potential down axon
  • Vesicles of ADH in terminal bulb exocytose
  • ADH travels in blood to bind to receptors on collecting duct
  • Aquaporins are added to the plasma membrane making it more permeable to water
75
Q

Why does alcohol make you wee a lot?

A

It inhibits the release of ADH

76
Q

What is the glycoprotein that can be found in the urine when pregnant?

A

hCG - human chorionic gonadotrophin

77
Q

What are used to bind to hCG in pregnancy tests?

A

Monoclonal antibodies

They are attached to a blue bead so that hCG can be seen

78
Q

How does a pregnancy test work?

A
  • hCG binds to monoclonal antibodies
  • These mobile antibodies move down stick
  • If hCG is present, they bind to fixed antibodies
  • If not, they bind to the other control fixed site

A Level (25 decks)

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