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Biology module 5 (mostly) Flashcards

1
Q

Phylogeny definition

A

The evolutionary relationship between organisms

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2
Q

Biodiversity definition

A

The range/number of individuals in an area
Range of habitats
Variety of alleles
Combination of species richness and evenness

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3
Q

Regions on an antibody

A

Hinge
Constant region
Variable region

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4
Q

Structure of a photosystem

A

Accessory pigments channel light down to the primary pigment
P700 - photosystem 1
P680 - photosystem 2
Located in thylakoid membrane of grana

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5
Q

Photolysis of water

A

2H2O —-> 4H+ + 4e- + O2

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6
Q

Parts of the nervous system

A 
Central nervous system
peripheral nervous system
somatic nervous system - controlled
autonomic nervous system - uncontrolled
sympathetic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system
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7
Q

Hypothalamus

A

controls boy temperature

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8
Q

Pituitary gland

A

controls hormone release

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9
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Controls breathing and heart rate

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10
Q

Cerebellum

A

Coordination, balance and posture

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11
Q

Cerebrum

A

Vision, hearing learning and thinking

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12
Q

Nerves controlling heart rate

A 
Accelerans nerve
- sympathetic
- noradrenaline
Vagus nerve
- parasympathetic
- acetyl choline
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13
Q

What controls heart rate in the brain?

A

The cardiovascular centre

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14
Q

Baroreceptors

A

Pressure receptors in the heart

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15
Q

Voluntary muscles

A

Striated
Multinucleate
Made of sarcomeres which make up myofibrils - parallel fibres

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16
Q

Involuntary muscle

A 
Non striated
One nucleus
Circular and longitudinal layer
Spindle shaped
No fibres
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17
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Striated
Fibres with cross bridges
Have intercalated discs joining cells
Myogenic

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18
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Membrane surrounding fibres which contains the acetyl choline receptors

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19
Q

What makes up the thin filaments in the sarcomere?

A

2 chains of actin
Tropomyosin wrapped around
Troponin attached to tropomyosin

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20
Q

What happens in the sliding filament hypothesis?

A

I band shortens (light bit)
A band stays the same (dark bit)
H zone shortens

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21
Q

Secondary metabolite

A

Produced once the population has reached a certain size
Stationary phase
Batch culture is used
Collected products in death phase

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22
Q

What is the equation for the colony forming unit?

A

Number of colonies counted/(dilution factor)(Volume plated)

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23
Q

What are the 4 methods of immobilising enzymes?

A

Adsorbtion
Covalent bonding
Entrapment
Membrane separation

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24
Q

Organism that controls their own body temperature

A

Endotherm

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25
Organism that doesn't control their own body temperature?
Ectotherm
26
WHat does a sensory neurone have?
A dendron dendrites A nucleus that isn't attached to the axon Myelin sheath
27
What does a relay neurone have?
Cell body in the middle, round with axons with dendrites coming off
28
What does a motor neurone have?
``` Nucleus at one end Axon coming off it Myelin sheath No dendron Nodes of ranvier ```
29
What causes myelin sheaths?
Schwann cells
30
What is a transducer?
A cell which converts one form of energy into another
31
Pacinian corpuscles
Rings of connective tissue wrapped around the end of neurones When it is deformed, sodium channels open and produce a generator potential that can then reach the threshold potential
32
Refractory period
Cant have action potential immediately after the first because it takes time to restore resting potential
33
Saltatory conduction
Where the action potential jumps from one node of ranvier to the next, making it quicker
34
Summation
When several EPSPs (excitatory post synaptic potentials) combine together to form an action potential
35
Spatial summation
Action potentials from different neurones combine together
36
EPSP
excitatory post synaptic potentials
37
Temporal summation
When a low level stimulus combines lots of small depolarisations to form an action potential
38
Divergent
One neurone to many
39
COnvergent
Many to one
40
Habituation
When the vesicles containing the neurotransmitter run out We get used to the stimulus The neurone is fatigued
41
IPSPs
Inhibitory post synaptic potentials | Open chloride ion channels which causes hyperpolarisation
42
What does anaerobic respiration produce?
NAD from NADH so it can be reused in glycolysis | In plants CO2 is also produced
43
Exocrine glands
Group of cells surrounding a small duct
44
Endocrine glands
Ductless glands which manufacture hormones and release them directly into the blood
45
Hormones
Messengers Carry a signal to a specific target tissue Proteins of steroids
46
Protein hormones
Insoluble in the phospholipid bilayer so need receptors on target cells - Activate G protein - Activate adenyl cyclase - AMP to CAMP - Enzyme cascade
47
Steroid hormones
Soluble in the phospholipid bilayer so act directly on DNA - Bind with complementary receptor protein in cytoplasm - Complex enter nucleus and binds to receptor on DNA - mRNA production stimulated
48
WHere is adrenaline produced?
Adrenal medulla
49
What are the layers of the adrenal cortex?
Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculata Zona reticularis
50
Zona glomerulosa
Secretes mineralocorticoids Controls concentrations of Na+ and K+ Maintains blood pressure eg. aldosterone - increases water retention
51
Zona fasciculata
Secretes glucocorticoids Control metabolism of carbs/fats/proteins in liver eg. Cortisol - stimulates production of glucose form the liver
52
Zona reticularis
Precursor androgens - converted to sex hormones, regulate gamete production Can also produce cortisol
53
Where are exocrine glands found in the pancreas?
In the acini | Around a tubule that go into interlobular ducts that go into the pancreatic duct
54
What does pancreatic amylase do?
Amylose to maltose
55
What does trypsinogen do?
Protease to trypsin, into duodenum
56
What does lipase do?
Digests lipid molecules
57
Where are the endocrine glands located in the pancreas?
Islets of langerhans
58
What types of cells secrete what in the pancreas?
Alpha cells - glucagon | Beta cells - insulin
59
How is insulin released?
- Glucose diffuses into beta cells - Glucose to ATP - ATP closes K+ ion channels - Depolarises the inside - Causes Ca2+ voltage gated ion channels to open and Ca2+ to diffuse in - Ca2+ causes vesicles containing insulin to bind and exocytosis
60
How does the insulin hormone work?
- Binds to receptor on liver plasma membrane - Tyrosine kinase is released and causes an enzyme cascade - Vesicles containing glucose transporter proteins bind to membrane and place them in it - More glucose enters to be stored as glycogen
61
What are the 3 Gs?
Glycogenesis Glycogenolysis Gluconeogenesis
62
What is respiratory acidosis?
When the blood pH drops too low due to too much CO2 in the blood H+ and HCO3- Acidic reduces Hb affinity for O2
63
What are the vessels in the liver?
``` Hepatic vein Hepatic artery Hepatic portal vein Bile duct Bile canaliculi Inter/ra lobular vessels Sinusoid ```
64
What are liver cells called?
Hepatocytes
65
What are the cells in the sinusoidc called that break down erythrocytes?
Kupffer cells
66
Detoxification of alcohol
``` Ethanol Ethanal Acetate (ethanoate) Acetyl CoA - respiration Hydrogen and NADH given off at each stage NAD is used up ```
67
Deamination
Breaking down excess amino acids | Amino acid + O2 ----> keto acid + 2NH3
68
What happens to the keto acid in deamination?
Enters respiration to release energy
69
What happens to the ammonia from deamination?
Enters the ornithine cycle
70
The ornithine cycle
2NH3 + CO2 ---> urea + H2O | Urea can be excreted
71
What are the 3 layers of barrier in the glomerulus?
The endothelium in the capillary The basement membrane The epithelial cells - podocytes - in the bowman's capsule
72
Podocytes
Have major processes - finger like progections Minor processes Hold cells apart so there are gaps
73
Selective reabsorption
- Active transport of Na+ out of cell lining proximal convoluted tubule - Cotransport of Na+ and glucose/amino acids back into cell - Osmosis of water into cell from tubule - Active transport of substances out of cell into blood - Osmosis of water into blood from cell
74
Osmoregulation when water potential is low
- Osmoreceptors in brain shrink - Neurosecretory cells detect and cause action potential down axon - Vesicles of ADH in terminal bulb exocytose - ADH travels in blood to bind to receptors on collecting duct - Aquaporins are added to the plasma membrane making it more permeable to water
75
Why does alcohol make you wee a lot?
It inhibits the release of ADH
76
What is the glycoprotein that can be found in the urine when pregnant?
hCG - human chorionic gonadotrophin
77
What are used to bind to hCG in pregnancy tests?
Monoclonal antibodies | They are attached to a blue bead so that hCG can be seen
78
How does a pregnancy test work?
- hCG binds to monoclonal antibodies - These mobile antibodies move down stick - If hCG is present, they bind to fixed antibodies - If not, they bind to the other control fixed site

A Level (25 decks)

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