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A Level > 5.3 > Flashcards

5.3 Flashcards

1
Q

Transition metals

A

Metals that have an incomplete d subshell

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2
Q

What are the exceptions in transition metals?

A
  • Sc and Zn dont count as they have full d orbitals

- Cr and Cu have 4s1 subshell to make the 3d subshell more stable by donating an electron to it

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3
Q

What are the physical properties of transition metals?

A
  • Lustrous
  • High densities
  • High melting and boiling points
  • Conduct electricity (giant metallic lattice structure)
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4
Q

Colour of Cr2+

A

Blue

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5
Q

Colour of Mn2+

A

Light pink

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6
Q

Colour of Cr2O7 2-

A

Orange

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7
Q

Colour of MnO4-

A

dark purple

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8
Q

Colour of Fe2+

A

Pale green

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9
Q

Colour of Fe3+

A

Pale yellow

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10
Q

Colour of Co2+

A

Pink

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11
Q

Colour of Co3+

A

light green

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12
Q

Colour of Ni2+

A

green

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13
Q

Colour of Cu2+

A

Blue

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14
Q

What is an example of a disproportionation reaction?

A

Cu2O + H2SO4 —-> Cu + CuSO4 + H2O

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15
Q

What causes the colour in transition metals?

A

Caused by the incomplete d subshell

We are seeing the colour that is reflected, not the colour that is absorbed

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16
Q

How does a transition metal catalyst work?

A

Reactant adsorb onto the surface of the metal and are held in place while the reaction happens
Transition metals can change oxidation state so can act as an intermediate that has a lower activation energy

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17
Q

Transition metal catalyst for the Haber process?

A

Iron

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18
Q

Transition metal catalyst for the contact process?

A

V2O5

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19
Q

Transition metal catalyst for hydrogenation of alkenes?

A

Nickel

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20
Q

Transition metal catalyst for the decomposition of H2O2?

A

MnO2

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21
Q

Transition metal catalyst for obtaining hydrogen from zinc?

A

Copper

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22
Q

What is a complex ion?

A

A transition metal bonded to ligands with coordinate bonds

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23
Q

Coordinate bonds

A

Dative covalent bonds

24
Q

Ligand

A

Molecule that can donate a pair of electrons to a transition metal to form a coordinate bond

25
Coordination number
Total number of coordinate bonds formed
26
Lewis Base
An electron donor | Ligands are Lewis bases
27
Bidentate ligands
NH2CH2CH2NH2 = ethane-1,2-diamine shortened to 'en' OC=OC=OO
28
Multidentate ligand
EDTA (+4)
29
What are the benefits/risks of transition metals?
They reduce energy usage | They can be very toxic
30
Cis/Trans isomers degrees
Cis- 90 degrees | Trans- 180 degrees
31
Cis-platin
Anti-cancer drug Binds to the DNA preventing cell division in cancer cells But it has some unpleasant side effects such as hair loss, sickness and fatigue Used in chemotherapy
32
Optical isomers
Non-superimposable mirror images of each other
33
[Cu(H2O)6]2+ and excess NH3
Ligand substitution Pale blue to deep blue [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+
34
[Cu(H2O)6]2+ and excess Cl- (HCl)
Ligand substitution Pale blue to green to yellow [CuCl4]2-
35
Why does Cl- substitute only 4 times?
Because it is bigger and has stronger repulsions
36
[Cr(H2O)6]3+ and excess NH3
``` Ligand substitution Grey/green ppt [Cr(H2O)3(OH)3] Redissolves to a dark green solution with excess NH3 [Cr(NH3)6]3+ ```
37
How does haemoglobin work?
Fe2+ metal forms coordinate bonds with 4 nitrogens, a globin protein and can reversibly form one with oxygen Carbon monoxide can take oxygens place as it forms stronger bonds, but binds irreversibly and causes oxygen starvation
38
Cu2+ and NaOH dropwise
Precipitation reaction | Blue solution to blue gelatinous ppt
39
Cu2+ and NH3 dropwise
Precipitation reaction Blue solution to blue gelatinous ppt Can redissolve
40
Fe2+ and NaOH dropwise
Precipitation reaction Pale green solution to green ppt Turns rusty brown after long exposure to air
41
Fe2+ and NH3 dropwise
Precipitation reaction | Pale green solution to dark green ppt
42
Fe3+ and NaOH dropwise
Precipitation reaction Pale yellow solution to rusty brown ppt Same as with NH3
43
Fe3+ and NH3 dropwise
Precipitation reaction Pale yellow solution to rusty brown ppt Same as with NaOH
44
Mn2+ and NaOH dropwise
Precipitation reaction Pale pink solution to brown ppt Same as with NH3
45
Mn2+ and NH3 dropwise
Precipitation reaction Pale pink solution to brown ppt Same as with NaOH
46
Cr3+ and NaOH dropwise
Precipitation reaction Green solution to green ppt Can redissolve Same as with NH3
47
Cr3+ and NH3 dropwise
Precipitation reaction Green solution to grey-green ppt Can redissolve Same as with NaOH
48
Using transition metals as indicators in titrations, what is the endpoint colour change for MnO4- to Mn2+?
Purple to very pale pink/colourless
49
Using transition metals as indicators in titrations, what is the endpoint colour change for Cr2O7 2- oxidising Fe2+?
Redox indicator is used | Violet/blue endpoint
50
Using transition metals as indicators in titrations, what is the endpoint colour change for iodine and thiosulphate?
When the mixture becomes a pale yellow colour, iodine is added Endpoint is from blue/black to colourless
51
What is the test for transition metal ions?
React with NaOH or NH3 dropwise, and look for the colour change
52
What is the test for the ammonium ion?
React with OH- to produce ammonia gas and H2O | It will turn damp red litmus paper blue
53
What is the test for carbonate ions?
React with acid to give off CO2 gas | Bubble gas through limewater, it will turn cloudy
54
What is the test for sulphate ions?
React with barium chloride, it will turn cloudy with a white precipitate
55
What is the test for halide ions?
React with silver nitrate and dilute nitric acid | It will make white/cream/yellow ppt depending on halogen
56
What order do you do the tests for ions?
Carbonate Sulphate Halide

A Level (25 decks)

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