Biology - ethics SAC Flashcards
what is a consequences based approach
The individual should be driven by consideration for the consequences that are likely to result. The aim of this approach is to maximise positive outcomes while minimising negative effects.
A consequences-based approach often emphasises the surrounding circumstances of an action, and may sometimes allow an individual to break the rules in order to achieve the greatest good for the greatest number of stakeholders.
Key terms: outcomes, benefits, consequences, effects
what is a duty/rule based approach
The individual should be driven by a fundamental duty to act in a certain way. The aim is to follow set rules and responsibilities, with less regard for the consequences that may result.
A duty/rule–based approach oftenargues that an action can’t be justified just because it produces good consequences. Instead, some actions must be followed because they are the responsibility of the individual, regardless of the consequences that may result.
Key terms: obligation, duty, responsibility, commitment
what is a virtues based approach
The individual should be driven by their character, rather than by any fundamental rules or consequences. The aim is to emphasise the moral nature of the individual, and provide guidance as to the behaviours a morally good person would hope to achieve.
A virtues-based approach often argues that an action can be justified simply because it is charitable, or caring, or good (virtues). Here, emphasis
is given to the ‘virtues’ involved in making a decision, rather than following a rule or being driven by consequence.
Key terms: any reference to virtues, such as good, honest, caring
consequences based approach definition
an approach to bioethics that aims to maximise positive outcomes while minimising negative outcomes
duty/rule based approach definition
an approach to bioethics that promotes the responsibility of
the agent above all else,
and places importance on the duty of each individual
virtues–based approach definition
an approach to bioethics that emphasises the individual goodness of the agent, and promotes acting in accordance with the values of a ‘moral’ person, such as honesty and compassion
integrity definition
an ethical concept that encourages a full commitment to knowledge and understanding as well as the honest reporting of all sources of information and results
justice definition
an ethical concept that encourages fair consideration of competing claims, and ensures that there is no unfair burden on a particular group from an action
beneficence definition
an ethical concept that seeks to maximise benefits when taking a particular position or course of action
non–maleficence definition
an ethical concept that discourages causing harm – or when harm is unavoidable, ensuring that the harm is not disproportionate to the benefits from any position or course of action
respect definition
an ethical concept that encourages the acknowledgment of the intrinsic value of living things, and considers the welfare, beliefs, customs, and cultural heritage of both the individual and the collective
mnemonic to remember the 5 concepts
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