Biology 9 and 10 - ACTUAL

Question 1

genetic diversity

Answer 1

a measure of the genetic variation among individuals in a population

Question 2

Why is genetic diversity important?

Answer 2

Protects longevity of species by reducing susceptibility to sudden environmental change. The population has a higher chance of containing alleles that are better suited too survive environmental challenges.

Question 3

Advantages of sexual reproduction

Answer 3

• increases genetic diversity allowing for recombinant offspring
• improves disease resistance by promoting presence of different alleles
• combining genetic material from 2 gametes reduces chance of offspring inheriting genetic disorder that is carried by one parent

Question 4

disadvantages of sexual reproduction

Answer 4

• the cost of male progeny
• time, energy and reserves takes to find a mate
• risk of transferable diseases associated with sexual intercourse
• risk of losing offspring to outside influences (embryo damage)

Question 5

Oviparity vs. Viviparity

Answer 5

ovi: eggs are released into external environment and embryo develops from nutrients inside yolk
vivi: embryo develops inside mothers body and is born after gestation period

Question 6

sexual reproduction in angiosperms (flowering plants)

Answer 6

1. Flowering plants produce and release pollen (the male gamete).
2. Pollen is carried by a pollinator to the flower of another plant, collected by the stigma of the flower, and fertilises the ovule (the female gamete).
3. Pollinators can either be biotic (living organisms such as insects) or
   abiotic (non-living methods such as wind and water).

Question 7

What is asexual reproduction?

Answer 7

the production of offspring without the fusion of gametes.

Question 8

Advantages of asexual reproduction

Answer 8

• grows faster
• offspring are identical clones of parent (important for organisms that’s phenotype is fine tuned to survive in a particular environment
• does not require organism to mate with so doesn’t have to be mobile
• requires little parental investment and removes need to protect fragile offspring

Question 9

Disadvantages of asexual reproduction

Answer 9

low genetic diversity so may suffer during rapid environmental change

Question 10

TYPE OF AR: binary fission

Answer 10

asexual reproduction in prokaryotes and certain
species of eukaryotes, which results in the generation of two
identical cells.

Question 11

TYPE OF AR: budding

Answer 11

formation of buds which grow and split away from the
main organism to develop into another separate organism.

Question 12

TYPE OF AR: fragmentation

Answer 12

breaking of fragments from an organism which can
regrow back into a whole organism.

Question 13

TYPE OF AR: Vegetative propagation

Answer 13

reproduction of plants with roots or leaves
breaking away from the original plant and independently growing into
a new plant.

Question 14

TYPE OF AR: Sporogenesis

Answer 14

formation of spores which are dispersed into the
environment where they can grow into an organism.

Question 15

TYPE OF AR: Parthenogenesis

Answer 15

Formation of an embryo from a female gamete
alone, without the need for a male gamete to fertilise it.

Question 16

what are reproductive cloning technologies

Answer 16

human interventions which artificially produce genetically identical clones of an organism

Question 17

reproductive cloning technologies: animals: somatic cell nuclear transfer

Answer 17

1. Enucleation - removal or destruction of the nucleus from the donated
   egg cell
2. Extraction - the donated somatic cell’s nucleus is extracted
3. Insertion - the donated somatic cell’s nucleus is inserted into
   the enucleated egg cell
4. Development - the developing embryo is implanted into a
   surrogate mother

Question 18

3 types of reproductive cloning technologies: plants

Answer 18

1. Tissue culturing - growth of plant cells on a growth medium in
   sterile conditions.
2. Plant cuttings - production of new plants from fragments
   such as the stem or root from the original plant.
3. Plant grafting - attachment of a rootstock and scion together
   to produce a clone.

Question 19

Types of symbiotic relationships

Answer 19

Mutualism (+, +), Commensalism (+, 0), Parasitism, (+, -), Predation (+/-), Amensalism (0/-), competition (-/-)

Question 20

Types of Competition

Answer 20

intraspecific and interspecific

intra: between same animal species for same food source
inter: between different animals for same food source

Question 21

What is a Apex predator?

Answer 21

Apex predators have no natural predators and are at the top of the
food chain.

Question 22

keystone species

Answer 22

The effects of a keystone species on an ecosystem are greater than
expected relative to its population size.

Question 23

What is an ecosystem engineer?

Answer 23

Ecosystem engineers create, significantly alter, or maintain the
structure of an environment.

Question 24

population distribution

Answer 24

The range of geographical areas that members of the population are found in

Question 25

Population size

Answer 25

the total number of individuals within a population

Question 26

population density

Answer 26

a metric for the number of individuals per unit area

Question 27

levels of ecological organisation

Answer 27

cell, organism, population, community, ecosystem