BIOLOGY, Digestion, Biological molecules

Question 1

What are biological molecules?

Answer 1

Substances produced by cells and living organisms that are essential for life.

Question 2

What are some examples of biological molecules?

Answer 2

Carbohydrates, Lipids, proteins.

Question 3

What is starch?

Answer 3

A type of carbohydrate that provides energy for our bodies.

Question 4

What does a lipid do and what are they made of?

Answer 4

Stores energy in the form of body fat and helps to protect our organs. They are made up of fatty acids and glycerol.

Question 5

What is the definition of excretion?

Answer 5

The removal of metabolic waste products from the body.

Question 6

What is the organization of living things?

Answer 6

Cells-Tissue-Organs-Organ system-Organism

Question 7

What is amylase?

Answer 7

An enzyme in the human body that breaks down starch

Question 8

What does the pancreas do?

Answer 8

Produces digestive enzymes which break down proteins, lipids and carbohydrates. It also makes insulin.

Question 9

Define digestion.

Answer 9

The breaking down of more complex food into simpler molecules so that it can be absorbed and utilised by the cells.

Question 10

What is an organ?

Answer 10

A group of tissues performing a specific function.

Question 11

What is a tissue?

Answer 11

A group of cells with a similar structure and function.

Question 12

What is an organ system?

Answer 12

A group of organs which work together to form organisms.

Question 13

What does the liver do?

Answer 13

The liver processes absorbed food and detoxifies the blood. It also makes bile which is an alkaline.

Question 14

What does the stomach do?

Answer 14

It produces protease enzymes which digest protein. It also contains hydrochloric acid which kills any ingested bacteria.

Question 15

What does the small intestine do?

Answer 15

It produces protease, amylase and lipase that continue digestion. Villi on the walls give it a very large surface area.

Question 16

What is Chemical digestion?

Answer 16

Occurs when enzymes digest food into nutrients.

Question 17

What is mechanical digestion?

Answer 17

Teeth break food down in the mouth mechanically, which means they grind it up.

Question 18

What is anaerobic respiration and where does it take place?

Answer 18

Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen and much less frequently than aerobic respiration. Humans use anaerobic respiration when they are short of oxygen and other organisms such as bacteria and yeast do a different version of anaerobic respiration called
fermentation. Takes place in the cytoplasm.

Question 19

What is the equation for anaerobic respiration in mammals?

Answer 19

Glucose - Lactic acid,

Question 20

What is the term given when an athlete breathes deeply and quickly after vigorous exercise?

Answer 20

Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption or EPOC.

Question 21

What is the equation for anaerobic respiration in bacteria and fungi?

Answer 21

Glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide
Yeast complete their own version of anaerobic respiration called fermentation

Question 22

What is the process of making beer and bread through fermentation?

Answer 22

Yeast undergoes fermentation when bread and beer is being made. Ethanol is the alcohol produced in beer but in bread this is evaporated away. Carbon dioxide gas is left in bread makes it rise but in beer, this gives it bubbles.

Question 23

What is aerobic respiration and where does it take place?

Answer 23

Occurs with oxygen and it happens much more frequently than anaerobic respiration. It takes place in the mitochondria.

Question 24

What is a macromolecule?

Answer 24

Macromolecules are large, complex molecules that are fundamental to both biological and chemical process.

Question 25

What are carbohydrates made up of and what is their role?

Answer 25

Starch is made up of a polymer of glucose and it stores energy in the form of glycogen.

Question 26

What are proteins made up of and what is their role?

Answer 26

They are made up of long chains of amino acids and they form molecules which transport oxygen.

Question 27

How do you test for starch, sugars, proteins and lipids and what are their results?

Answer 27

Starch - Add iodine solution, will be a blue or black. Lipids - Add ethanol solution, a red layer will form on the surface of the water. Proteins - Add biuret solution, will be a purple colour or form a purple ring between layers. Sugars - Add benedict solution, will be a green or yellowy orange.

Question 28

What is an enzyme?

Answer 28

A biological catalyst - they speed up reactions.

Question 29

What is meant by the lock and key model and a substrate?

Answer 29

The enzyme and the substrate fit perfectly like a lock and a key when the chemical reaction takes place. The substrate (the molecule taking part in the chemical reaction) fits into the active site.

Question 30

What part of the enzyme does the substrate bind to?

Answer 30

The active site.

Question 31

Which enzyme breaks down starch, proteins and lipids?

Answer 31

Starch - Amylase Proteins - Protease Lipids - Lipase

Question 32

How does temperature affect enzyme activity?

Answer 32

As temperature increases to the optimum, the kinetic energy of the enzyme and substrate increases, causing more collisions between the enzyme and substrate. Enzyme activity increases.

Question 33

What does optimum mean and what happens when enzymes denature?

Answer 33

The active site loses its important shape and can no longer form enzyme-substrate complexes, leading to a decrease in enzyme activity. Optimum is the most desirable outcome.

Question 34

What happens to enzymes when they are below or above the optimum ph?

Answer 34

The enzyme activity decreases as they go through the process of denaturation.

Question 35

How is the small intestine adapted for absorption?

Answer 35

1. They have millions of villi on the lining of the small intestine which provides a very large surface area increasing the speed of absorption of small food molecules. 2. The food molecules have a short diffusion distance (1 cell thick) 3. They use muscular contractions to move and mix food.

Question 36

Which enzymes are found in the small intestine?

Answer 36

Pepsin Chymotrypsin Carboxypeptidase

Question 37

Why do the products of digestion need to be small and soluble?

Answer 37

So they can be absorbed into the blood through the lining of the small intestine.

Question 38

What is meant by absorption?

Answer 38

The process of assimilating substances into cells or across tissues and organs.

Question 39

What are the products of digestion used for?

Answer 39

Energy Tissue development Repair

Question 40

What is metabolism?

Answer 40

The sum of all the chemical reactions that provide energy and organic material for living organisms.

Question 41

What is the word equation and the balanced symbol equation for aerobic respiration?

Answer 41

Glucose + oxygen = CO2 + water C6 H12 06 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H20

Question 42

What type of reaction is respiration?

Answer 42

Chemical

Question 43

What is the difference between respiration and breathing?

Answer 43

Respiration is a chemical reaction which occurs in all living cells, releasing energy from glucose. Breathing is also called 'ventilation' and is the movement of gases into and out from the lungs.

Question 44

How does enzyme activity affect metabolism?

Answer 44

As the substrate concentration increases, the enzyme reaction increases until all of the active sites are occupied by the substrate.

Question 45

What are metabolic pathways?

Answer 45

Metabolic pathways are integrated and controlled reactions within a cell.

Question 46

What are 3 examples of metabolic processes?

Answer 46

Respiration Photosynthesis Catabolism

Question 47

Where and how is lactic acid broken down?

Answer 47

Liver and kidneys filter lactic acid out of your blood and break it down into glucose.

Question 48

What is meant by oxygen debt?

Answer 48

The amount of oxygen required to remove the lactic acid, and replace the body's reserves of oxygen.

Question 49

When does anaerobic respiration start?

Answer 49

The first step of anaerobic respiration is glycolysis where a glucose molecule is broken down into two pyruvate molecules.

Question 50

What order does the process of digestion follow?

Answer 50

Mouth, Oesophagus, Stomach, liver, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus

Question 51

Have a minute learning about a diagram of the digestive system

Answer 51

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Question 52

What are polymers?

Answer 52

Polymers are very long chain molecules made from small repeating units called monomers.

Question 53

Key ones

Answer 53

1,8,9, 15, 18, 22, 27,