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gcse flashcards all subjects > BIOLOGY, Digestion, Biological molecules > Flashcards

BIOLOGY, Digestion, Biological molecules Flashcards

1
Q

What are biological molecules?

A

Substances produced by cells and living organisms that are essential for life.

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2
Q

What are some examples of biological molecules?

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, proteins.

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3
Q

What is starch?

A

A type of carbohydrate that provides energy for our bodies.

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4
Q

What does a lipid do and what are they made of?

A

Stores energy and helps to protect our organs. They are made up of fatty acids and glycerol.

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5
Q

What is the definition of excretion?

A

The removal of metabolic waste products from the body.

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6
Q

What is the organization of living things?

A

Cells-Tissue-Organs-Organ system-Organism

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7
Q

What is amylase?

A

An enzyme in the human body that break down food.

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8
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

Produces digestive enzymes which break down proteins, fats and carbohydrates. It also makes insulin.

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9
Q

Define digestion.

A

The breaking down of more complex food into simpler molecules so that it can be absorbed and utilised by the cells.

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10
Q

What is an organ?

A

A group of tissues performing a specific function.

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11
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of cells with a similar structure and function.

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12
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A group of organs which work together to form organisms.

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13
Q

What does the liver do?

A

The liver processes absorbed food and detoxifies the blood. It also makes bile which is an alkaline.

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14
Q

What does the stomach do?

A

It produces protease enzymes which digest protein. It also contains hydrochloric acid which kills any ingested bacteria.

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15
Q

What does the small intestine do?

A

It produces protease, amylase and lipase that continue digestion. Villi on the walls give it a very large surface area.

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16
Q

What is Chemical digestion?

A

Occurs when enzymes digest food into nutrients.

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17
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

Teeth break food down in the mouth mechanically, which means they grind it up.

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18
Q

What is anaerobic respiration and where does it take place?

A

Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen and much less frequently than aerobic respiration. Humans use anaerobic respiration when they are short of oxygen and other organisms such as bacteria and yeast do a different version of anaerobic respiration called
fermentation. Takes place in the cytoplasm

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19
Q

What is the equation for anaerobic respiration in mammals?

A

Glucose - Lactic acid,
Anaerobic respiration releases less energy than aerobic respiration but it does this more quickly.

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20
Q

What is the term given when an athlete breathes deeply and quickly after vigorous exercise?

A

Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption or EPOC.

21
Q

What is the equation for anaerobic respiration in bacteria and fungi?

A

Glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide
Yeast complete their own version of anaerobic respiration called fermentation

22
Q

What is the process of making beer and bread through fermentation?

A

Yeast undergoes fermentation when bread and beer is made. Ethanol is the alcohol produced. This is evaporated away when bread is baked. Carbon dioxide gas trapped in bread makes it rise and gives beer its bubbles.

23
Q

What is aerobic respiration and where does it take place?

A

Occurs with oxygen and it happens much more frequently than anaerobic respiration. It takes place in the mitochondria.

24
Q

What is a macromolecule?

A

Macromolecules are large, complex molecules that are fundamental to both biological and chemical process.

25
Q

What are carbohydrates made up of and what is their role?

A

Starch is made up of a polymer of glucose and it stores energy in the form of glycogen.

26
Q

What are proteins made up of and what is their role?

A

They are made up of long chains of amino acids and they form molecules which transport oxygen.

27
Q

How do you test for starch, sugars, proteins and lipids and what are their results?

A

Starch - Add iodine solution, will be a blue or black.
Lipids - Add ethanol solution, a red layer will form on the surface of the water.
Proteins - Add biuret solution, will be a purple colour or form a purple ring between layers.
Sugars - Add benedict solution, will be a green or yellowy orange.

28
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A biological catalyst - they speed up reactions.

29
Q

What is meant by the lock and key model and a substrate?

A

The enzyme and the substrate fit perfectly like a lock and a key when the chemical reaction takes place. The substrate is the molecule or molecules taking part in the chemical reaction – fits into the active site.

30
Q

What part of the enzyme does the substrate bind to?

A

The active site.

31
Q

Which enzyme breaks down starch, proteins and lipids?

A

Starch - Amylase
Proteins - Protease
Lipids - Lipase

32
Q

How does temperature affect enzyme activity?

A

As temperature increases to the optimum, the kinetic energy of the enzyme and substrate increases, causing more collisions between the enzyme and substrate.

33
Q

What does optimum mean and what happens when enzymes denature?

A

The active site loses its important shape and can no longer form enzyme-substrate complexes, leading to a decrease in enzyme activity. Optimum is the most desirable outcome.

34
Q

What happens to enzymes when they are below or above the optimum ph?

A

The enzyme activity decreases as they go through the process of denaturation.

35
Q

How is the small intestine adapted for absorption?

A
  1. They have millions of villi on the lining of the small intestine which provides a very large surface area increasing the speed of absorption of small food molecules.
  2. The food molecules have a short diffusion distance (1 cell thick)
  3. They use muscular contractions to move and mix food.
36
Q

Which enzymes are found in the small intestine?

A

Pepsin
Chymotrypsin
Carboxypeptidase

37
Q

Why do the products of digestion need to be small and soluble?

A

So they can be absorbed into the blood through the lining of the small intestine.

38
Q

What is meant by absorption?

A

The process of absorbing or assimilating substances into cells or across tissues and organs.

39
Q

What are the products of digestion used for?

A

Energy
Tissue development
Repair

40
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The sum of all the chemical reactions that provide energy and organic material for living organisms.

41
Q

What is the word equation and the balanced symbol equation for aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose + oxygen = CO2 + water
C6 H12 06 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H20

42
Q

What type of reaction is respiration?

A

Chemical

43
Q

What is the difference between respiration and breathing?

A

Respiration is a chemical reaction which occurs in all living cells, releasing energy from glucose. Breathing is also called ‘ventilation’ and is the movement of gases into and out from the lungs.

44
Q

How does enzyme activity affect metabolism?

A

As the substrate concentration increases, the enzyme reaction increases until all of the active sites are occupied by the substrate.

45
Q

What are metabolic pathways?

A

Metabolic pathways are integrated and controlled reactions within a cell.

46
Q

What are 3 examples of metabolic processes?

A

Respiration
Photosynthesis
Catabolism

47
Q

Where and how is lactic acid broken down?

A

Liver and kidneys filter lactic acid out of your blood and break it down into glucose.

48
Q

What is meant by oxygen debt?

A

The amount of oxygen required to remove the lactic acid, and replace the body’s reserves of oxygen.

49
Q

When does anaerobic respiration start?

A

The first step of anaerobic respiration is glycolysis where a glucose molecule is broken down into two pyruvate molecules.

gcse flashcards all subjects (11 decks)

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