Biology Definitions from the Mark Scheme Flashcards
Name the organ that produces bile
The liver
Describe two ways bile helps to speed up the digestion of fat/lapids
Emulsfies fats(allowing fats to mix with water)- neutralises - meaning it creates optimal pH conditions for lipase/enzyme.
How is protein disgested?
Protease enzyme breaks protein down into amino acids Protein is then broken down in the stomach and small intestine.Protease in the stomach works best at
What arteries supply blood to the heart?
Coronary arteries
What is stent
Stent is a memory shape mesh that is fed into a blood vessel and inflated isomg a ballton.
What is the first step in how blood is moved around in the heart?
Blood enters the atria(through the vena cava and pulmonary vein)
What is the second step on how blood is moved around in the heart?
The atria contract which pushes blood into the ventricles
What is the third step on how blood is moved around in the heart?
The Ventrcles contract which pushes blood out of the heart
What is the fourth step on how blood is moved around in the heart?
Valfues stop blood from flowing backwards or in the wrong direction
How is oxygen moved from the lungs to the tissues?
Oxygen comnines with haemoglobin to make oxyhaemoglobin.
What is the second step on how oxygen is moved from the lungs to tissues
Oxygen transported in blood/blood vessels, oxyhaemoglobin releases oxygen in tissues or spilts to form oxygen and haemoglobin.
What is the function of platelets
Helps to clot the blood
What is the function of plasma
Carries carbon dioxide
What is the function of a white blood cell
Protects the bod from diseases.
What are the similarites between Translocation and trasnpiration?
Both are mechanisms of transport in plants
What are the differences between Translocation and transpiration?
Transpiration involces the xylem, while phloem is used in translocation.Transpiration is the movement of water while translocation is the movement of glucose/sugar/sucrose
Name some more differences between translocation and transpiration
Transpiration is driven by evaporation of water from leaves, while translocation is no.- Transpiration occurs through hollow tubes, while translocation occurs through sieve plates/living tubes.
What is the function of Epidermal tissue?
Covers the lead/plant
What is the function of Vascular tissue
Transports substances/water/mineral ions/sugars around the plant of leaf
How is the palisade tissue layer adapted to carry out photosynthesis
Cubiod/rectangular shape allows more cells to pakc together at the top of the leaf.Lots of chloroplastsThis helps to trap more sunlight energy.
State one purpose of the stomata
Allow carbon dioxide in/oxygen or water vapour out/control water loss/ gas exchange
What is meant by a pathogen
A microorganism that can make you ill/ cause disease
Name three other groups other than bacteria that can cause disease
-Fungi-Protists- Viruses
What microoganism causes rose black spot
Fungus/fungi
What should the gardener do if they confirmed their plants had black rose disease
- Remove infected plant-Destroy infected leaves by burning them-Spray the rest of the plant with fungicide.
What is are the similartites of measles and HIV
Both caused by a virus-Both are communicable-Both are incurable
What are the differrences between Measales and HIV
-Measles is spread by droplet infection-HIV is spread through bodily fluids
Name some more differences between Measles and HIV
- Measles is prevented by vaccination - HIV is prevented by sterilising needles/ or using condoms
What 3 ways do white blood cells protect us from pathogens?
-Engulf the pathogens-Produce antitoxins-Produce antibodies
How a vaccine can stop a person contracting chicken pox in future?
-Dead/inactive pathogen injected or given to a patient.-White blood cells make antibodies.-If live pathogen infects a person, antibodies can be made quickly and in alrge numbers.
Suggest the main benefit of vaccinating lots of people against a disease
-Herd immunity
What happens in stage one of testing drugs
Find suitabel chemicals for testing
What happens n stage two of testing drugs
Test on live cells/tissues in the lab
What happens in stage three of testing drugs
Healthy human volunteers or animals
What happens in stage four of testing drugs
Clinical tests on patients
What is a double blind trail?
-Some patients are given placebo pill/saline injection- No docters or researchers don’t know which patients have the test drug-Patients don’t know if they have the drug or not
What is the route taken by carbon dioxide take to enter a plant living on land
Carbon dioxide is taken in from the air, through the stomata
What is the route taken by water to enter a plant living on land
Water is absorbed from the soil/roots, then this water then goes through the xylem
Give three uses for glucose by plants
- Respiration- Produce starch-Produce protein
Why would students not record data for distances closer than 20cm
- The lamp that close will warm the water- Temperature affects/speeds up the rate of photosynthesis- and this needs to be controlled
Why did students wait three minutes before taking a reading at each distance
To allow the plant to adjust/ to give time for bubble time to change.
Name two factors that could be the limiting factor of photosynthesis
-Light intensity- Temperature
Name two products that a released in the mitochondria
-Carbon dioxide- Water
Why does an athelete breath heavily for a while after the race
-Build up of lactic acid-Oxygen needed to ordise/break down lactic acid to carbon dioxide and water.
Why is a higher breathing rate beneficial to exercising muscles
-Provides more oxygen for respiration-To release/provide energy and help remove carbon dioxide from the body quicker, that has been produced by respiration quicker.
Why do muscle’s reserces of glycogen become lower during prolonged exercise?
- Glycogen is broken down-To release/provide glucose for respiration.
