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AAA - BIOLOGY - Revision > 1.1 (P2) Defence Against Disease > Flashcards

1.1 (P2) Defence Against Disease Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a pathogen

A

Microorganisms that cause infectious diseases

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2
Q

What is a virus

A

A DEAD pathogen

It cannot survive long unless inside a host cell

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3
Q

How do viruses attack you

A

They take over the nucleus in your cells and make copies of themselves then burst out and infect other cells

They reproduce rapidly and damage the cells

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4
Q

What is a bacteria

A

An ALIVE pathogen

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5
Q

How do bacteria attack you

A

They release toxins that make you feel ill

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6
Q

Name three general defences

A

Natural barriers
Non-specific white blood cells
Specific white blood cells

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7
Q

Name 2 Non-Specific white blood cells

A

Macrophages

Helper cells

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8
Q

Name natural barriers you body has

A 
Saliva
Mucus
Ciliated epithelial cells
Ear wax
Skin
Tears
Eyelashes
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9
Q

Name the specific white blood cells

A

B-cells
T-cells
Phagocytes

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10
Q

What do phagocytes do

A

The engulf pathogens and hold up to 10,000 before dying

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11
Q

Where are B-cells and T-cells found

A

In the lymph glands

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12
Q

What do B-cells target?

A

A virus

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13
Q

What do T-cells target?

A

Bacteria

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14
Q

What do B-cells do?

A

They produce antibodies
The tiny proteins are sent to the infection via the blood stream
They attach themselves to the

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15
Q

What do T-cells do?

A

They multiply and go out if the gland to the infection themselves
They release antitoxins which only targets the infected cell

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16
Q

What can happen to T-cells?

A

They remain in the body in small quantities

They are called memory cells

17
Q

What are memory cells vital for?

A

Immunity

18
Q

Who is Ignaz Semmelweis?

A

A Hungarian physician

He found the link between microbes and infection

He saw doctors didn’t wash their hands between an autopsy and delivering a baby

He told them to wash their hands to prevent the spread of pathogens

19
Q

What do painkillers do?

A

They relive the pain and symptoms

They don’t kill the pathogen

20
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

They cure bacterial infections

They are natural - you can’t make them

21
Q

Do antibiotics work on viruses? Why?

A

No

They reproduce inside host cells which makes it hard to target without killing the other cells also

22
Q

What is the first antibiotic?

Who discovered it?

A

Penicillin

Alexander Flemming

23
Q

What is the term for a change in DNA causing variation?

A

Mutation

24
Q

What causes mutation?

A

Overuse

Inappropriate use

25
Q

How does antibiotic resistance occur?

A

Natural selection

26
Q

How does a resistant strain form?

A

Antibiotics kill individual pathogens of the non-resistant strain

However, some mutate and survive and reproduce

The population of the resistant strain increases

27
Q

Name a resistant strain of bacteria

A

MRSA

29
Q

What aren’t antibiotics used for and why?

A

Mild throat infections

So the rate of resistant strains slows down

30
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

A small dead version of the virus

31
Q

What vaccine is given to children?

A

MMR

32
Q

What describes the act of making sure there is no contamination

A

Sterilisation

33
Q

How can we work safely with microbes?

A

Sterilise
petri dishes, culture media and inoculating loops

Keep the lid on the petri dish sealed with adhesive tape to prevent microorganisms contaminating the culture

34
Q

What temperature does bacteria grow best at?

A

37 degrees

35
Q

What temperature and why do schools use to incubate cultures of bacteria?

A

25 degrees

The bacteria doesn’t grow efficiently and isn’t infectious or harmful to humans

36
Q

What temperature does industrial use have?

Why?

A

100 or high temperatures

For rapid growth

37
Q

How does a vaccination prevent infection?

A

A dead virus is injected in a small quantity

Your body reacts by creating antibodies to destroy the harmless virus

Next time your body will remember how to make the antibodies much quicker getting rid of it quicker

AAA - BIOLOGY - Revision (26 decks)

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