Biology Chapter 5 Flashcards
Explain how nanotechnology might be used to power microscopic robots.
Certain cells can use glycolysis to convert sugar to energy, if a larger set of the same enzymes could be produced it could power a nanorobot.
Energy
The capacity to cause change
kinetic energy
The energy of motion
Potential energy
Stored energy caused by a cell’s location or structure
Principle of Conservation of Energy
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another.
Explain the relationship between heat and entropy
Every energy conversion releases random energy in the form of heat.
Entropy
The measure of disorder or randomness in a system
Compare the processes by which a car and a human use “fuel” to perform work.
Cars use octane and oxygen to fuel combustion to perform work.
People use glucose and oxygen to fuel cellular respiration to perform work.
Both processes produce carbon dioxide and water as waste.
calorie
the amount of energy that can raise the temperature of one gram of water 1 degree celsius
kilocalorie
Food Calorie, equal to 1,000 calories
Explain how ATP powers cellular work.
ATP stores power released from food, and releases it as needed.
Explain how ATP is recycled.
ATP is recylced from ADP and a phosphate group through cellular respiration
Explain why enzymes are needed in living organisms.
Enzymes are needed in living organisms because they are required for most metabolic reactions
Explain how enzymes are able to speed up specific chemical
reactions.
Enzymes speed up specific chemical reactions by reducing the amount of activation energy needed to break the bonds of reactant molecules
Explain how inhibitors and poisons can affect enzyme activity.
Enzyme inhibitors either bind to the active site or near it so the enzyme cannot bind to it.
diffusion versus osmosis
Diffusion: the movement of molecules so they spread out evenly over a space
Osmosis: Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
(Osmosis is a type of diffusion)
passive transport versus active transport
Passive transport: diffusion of a substance across a membrane without the input of energy
Active transport: requires that a cell expends energy to move molecules across a membrane
hypertonic versus hypotonic
Hypertonic: higher concentration of solute
Hypotonic: lower concentration of solute
endocytosis versus exocytosis,
Endocytosis: the intake of material through transport vesicles
Exocytosis: the secretion of large molecules in transport vesicles
phagocytosis versus pinocytosis.
Phagocytosis: cellular eating, where a cell envelops particle and packages it within a food vacuole
Pinocytosis: cellular drinking, where a cell gulps droplets of fluid into vesicles
Explain how signal transduction pathways permit environmental stimuli to impact the activities inside of a cell.
They relay signals by converting them to chemical forms that can function within a cell
Explain why phospholipids were probably some of the first organic compounds to form as life emerged on Earth
Phospholipids were probably some of the first organic compounds to form as life emerged on earth because they are the main ingredient in plasma membranes, which all cells have.
