biology chapter 3: the macro-molecule

Question 1

macromolecules

four types

Answer 1

• carbohydrates
• lipids
• nucleic acids
• proteins

Question 2

carbohydrates

the first macromolecule

Answer 2

• sugar and energy
• when sugar (glucose) is converted into energy

Question 3

monomer for a carbohydrate

Answer 3

monosaccharide

mono = one
saccharide = sugar molecule

Question 4

four types of complex carbohydrates

they all have many many monosaccharides

Answer 4

• starch
• glycogen
• cellulose
• chitin

Question 5

lipids (fats)

the second macromolecule

Answer 5

• nonpolar: charges are equally balanced across molecule
• hydrophobic: dislikes water & won’t mix w/ it
• triglyceride

Question 6

the two parts of lipids

Answer 6

• glycerol head
• fatty acid tail

Question 7

two types of lipids (fats)

Answer 7

• saturated fats
• unsaturated fats

Question 8

saturated lipids (fats)

Answer 8

• all bonds are single bonds
• solids at room temperature

Question 9

unsaturated lipids (fats)

Answer 9

• needs to have at least one double bond
• liquid at room temperature

Question 10

lipids (fats)

steroids/cholestrol

what are the heads and tails like?

Answer 10

hormones:
* heads (big and multiple rings)
* tails (hydrogens and carbons)
charges are equal across molecules

Question 11

phospholipids

what are the heads and tails like?

Answer 11

head:
* glycerol w/ phosphate group (phosphate makes it have charge)
* nitrogen w/ positive charge makes head polar
tail: fatty acids

Question 12

third macro-molecule

proteins

Answer 12

responsible for literally everything

Question 13

monomer of protein

Answer 13

amino acid

Question 14

how many amino acids are there?

Answer 14

20

Question 15

two parts of amino acids

Answer 15

• amine group (N)
• Carboxyl group

Question 16

what kind of bond are proteins?

Answer 16

peptide bond

Question 17

what is a peptide bond?

Answer 17

a chemical bond that is formed by joining the carboxyl group on one amino acid to the amino group of another

Question 18

first protein structure

Answer 18

primary: peptide bond

Question 19

second protein structure

Answer 19

secondary: peptide and hydrogen bond

Question 20

third protein structure

Answer 20

tertiary: peptide bond, hydrogen bond, R group bond

Question 21

fourth protein structure

Answer 21

Quantinary: 2, 3, or 4 tertiary structures bonded

Question 22

fourth macromolecule

nucleic acid

Answer 22

• simpliest
• monomer: nucleotide - builds RNA & DNA
• this is where you get your genetic information

Question 23

nucleotide

three parts

Answer 23

• phosphate group (always has a P)
• sugar [Ribose (the R in RNA) and deoxyribose (the D in DNA)]
• Nitrogen base group (ATGC)

Question 24

Nitrogen base groups in RNA

there are four

Answer 24

• adenine
• cytosine
• guanine
• uracil

Question 25

Nitrogen base groups in DNA

Answer 25

* adenine * cytosine * guanine * thymine

Question 26

overall process for copying genetic information

Answer 26

**central dogma ** DNA transcribes into RNA RNA translates into protein

Question 27

charges | who likes each other when?

Answer 27

* opposites attract (+ likes -) * polars attract (when + likes +) * nonpolars (when - likes -)

Question 28

three types of monosaccharides

Answer 28

* glucose * galactose * fructose

Question 29

disaccharide

Answer 29

two monosaccharides bonded together

Question 30

three types of disaccharides saccharides = sugar molecule | di = two

Answer 30

* lactose * sucrose * maltose

Question 31

lactose | which two monosaccharides?

Answer 31

* glucose * galactose

Question 32

sucrose | which two monosaccharides?

Answer 32

* glucose * fructose

Question 33

maltose | which two monosaccharides?

Answer 33

* glucose * glucose

Question 34

what is each macro-molecule made up of?

Answer 34

monomers

Question 35

what are the two types of reactions?

Answer 35

* dehydration * hydrosis

Question 36

dehydration

Answer 36

* bonds are being formed * water is being produced and lost

Question 37

hydrolysis

Answer 37

* bonds are being broken * water is the reactant