biology chapter 3: the macro-molecule Flashcards
macromolecules
four types
- carbohydrates
- lipids
- nucleic acids
- proteins
carbohydrates
the first macromolecule
- sugar and energy
- when sugar (glucose) is converted into energy
monomer for a carbohydrate
monosaccharide
mono = one
saccharide = sugar molecule
four types of complex carbohydrates
they all have many many monosaccharides
- starch
- glycogen
- cellulose
- chitin
lipids (fats)
the second macromolecule
- nonpolar: charges are equally balanced across molecule
- hydrophobic: dislikes water & won’t mix w/ it
- triglyceride
the two parts of lipids
- glycerol head
- fatty acid tail
two types of lipids (fats)
- saturated fats
- unsaturated fats
saturated lipids (fats)
- all bonds are single bonds
- solids at room temperature
unsaturated lipids (fats)
- needs to have at least one double bond
- liquid at room temperature
lipids (fats)
steroids/cholestrol
what are the heads and tails like?
hormones:
* heads (big and multiple rings)
* tails (hydrogens and carbons)
charges are equal across molecules
phospholipids
what are the heads and tails like?
head:
* glycerol w/ phosphate group (phosphate makes it have charge)
* nitrogen w/ positive charge makes head polar
tail: fatty acids
third macro-molecule
proteins
responsible for literally everything
monomer of protein
amino acid
how many amino acids are there?
20
two parts of amino acids
- amine group (N)
- Carboxyl group
what kind of bond are proteins?
peptide bond
what is a peptide bond?
a chemical bond that is formed by joining the carboxyl group on one amino acid to the amino group of another
first protein structure
primary: peptide bond
second protein structure
secondary: peptide and hydrogen bond
third protein structure
tertiary: peptide bond, hydrogen bond, R group bond
fourth protein structure
Quantinary: 2, 3, or 4 tertiary structures bonded
fourth macromolecule
nucleic acid
- simpliest
- monomer: nucleotide - builds RNA & DNA
- this is where you get your genetic information
nucleotide
three parts
- phosphate group (always has a P)
- sugar [Ribose (the R in RNA) and deoxyribose (the D in DNA)]
- Nitrogen base group (ATGC)
Nitrogen base groups in RNA
there are four
- adenine
- cytosine
- guanine
- uracil
Nitrogen base groups in DNA
- adenine
- cytosine
- guanine
- thymine
overall process for copying genetic information
**central dogma **
DNA transcribes into RNA
RNA translates into protein
charges
who likes each other when?
- opposites attract (+ likes -)
- polars attract (when + likes +)
- nonpolars (when - likes -)
three types of monosaccharides
- glucose
- galactose
- fructose
disaccharide
two monosaccharides bonded together
three types of disaccharides
saccharides = sugar molecule
di = two
- lactose
- sucrose
- maltose
lactose
which two monosaccharides?
- glucose
- galactose
sucrose
which two monosaccharides?
- glucose
- fructose
maltose
which two monosaccharides?
- glucose
- glucose
what is each macro-molecule made up of?
monomers
what are the two types of reactions?
- dehydration
- hydrosis
dehydration
- bonds are being formed
- water is being produced and lost
hydrolysis
- bonds are being broken
- water is the reactant
