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biology - chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

hierarchy

A

an organizational structurewith more complex or important things at the top and simpler or lesser things ta the bottom

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2
Q

tissue

A

a collection of similar cells that perform a particular but limited function

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3
Q

organ system

A

a system of one or more organs and structures that work together to perform a major vital body funtion

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4
Q

hierarchy of structures list

A

cellular level
tissue level
organ level
organ system level
organism level

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5
Q

4 tissues in a human

A

epithelial tissue
connective tissue
nerve tissue
muscle tissue

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6
Q

epithelial tissue

A

a thin sheet of tightly packed cells that covers body surfaces and lines internal organs and body cavities

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7
Q

connective tissue

A

provides support and protection for various parts of the body

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8
Q

muscle tissue

A

tissue containing proteins that can contract to move

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9
Q

nerve tissue

A

tissue that conducts electrical signals from one part to another

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10
Q

cellular differentiation

A

the process by which a cell becomes specialized

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11
Q

stem cell

A

undifferentiated cell that can divide to make specialized cells

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12
Q

two types of stem cells

A

embryonic
tissue

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13
Q

difference between embryonic stem cells and tissue stem cells

A

tissue stem cells (or adult cells) exist in specialized tissue and can only divide into a few certain types of cells. embryonic stem cells can be anything.

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14
Q

digestive system is composed of

A

mouth
esophagus
stomach
intestines
liver
pancreas
gallbladder

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15
Q

digestive system functions

A

takes in breaks up digests and excretes food/waste

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16
Q

another word for large intestine is

A

colon

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17
Q

mouth (digestive system)

A

breaks down food mechanically and chemically with saliva

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18
Q

esophagus (digestive system)

A

smooth muscle tissue that involuntarily pushes food down to the sphincters/stomach

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19
Q

stomach

A

churns food as well as creates stomach acid and other digestive enzymes

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20
Q

bolus

A

a ball of chewed up food going into the esophagus

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21
Q

epiglottis

A

blocks your windpipe from getting any food or water in it

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22
Q

stomach acid is mostly composed of

A

hydrochloric acid

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23
Q

sphincter

A

separates the stomach from the rest of the digestion system at each end

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24
Q

chyme

A

food broken down by the stomach

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25
small intestine
smooth muscle tissue that digests chyme coming from the stomach (food) and is lined with mucus
26
small intestine 3 parts
duodenum jejunum ileum
27
3 accesory organs
liver pancreas gallbladder
28
liver
produces bile and breaks down fats with it
29
pancreas
produces insulin to regulate the concentration of glucose or sugar in the blood
30
gallbladder
creates digestive enzymes
31
4 stages of digestion
ingestion digestion absorption elimination
32
circulatory system
the system that transports oxygen and nutrients around the body and carries away waste
33
3 parts of the circulatory system
heart blood blood vessels
34
4 parts of blood
white blood cells red blood cells platelets plasma
35
red blood cells
contain hemoglobin which makes the cells red and carries oxygen
36
white blood cells
infection fighting cells that destroy bacteria
37
platelets
tiny cells that contribute to blood clotting
38
plasma
protein rich fluid that carries blood cells
39
artery
a thick-walled blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart
40
vein
a blood vessel that returns blood to the heart
41
capillary
tiny thin-walled blood vessel that exchanges gas nutrients and waste between blood and tissue
42
3 tissues of the heart
cardiac muscle tissue nerve tissue connective tissue
43
cardiac muscle tissue
special type of muscle only found in the heart that controls the regular heartbeat
44
2 diseases of the circulatory system
coronary artery disease heart attack
45
electrocardiagram
a test that measure the electrical activity of the heart through its beat cycle
46
respiratory system
provides oxygen for the body and allows carbon dioxide to leave the body
47
components of the respiratory system
nose mouth pharynx larynx trachea bronchi lungs diaphragm
48
cilia
hairlike protrusions on some epithelial cells covered in mucus so as to increase surface area (in the digestive system) or filter things out (respiratory system)
49
gas exchange in the lungs
when oxygen enters the body it enters the lungs and filters into the alveoli the alveoli have very thin walls so the oxygen diffuses out of them into the capillaries surrounding them you then breathe out what the capillaries gave you (co2) when you made the exchange
50
alveolus (plural alveoli)
tiny sac of air in the lungs surrounded by a network of capillaries
51
breathing; how does it work?
parts of your brain that detect co2 levels let the diaphragm, the heart, and other muscles know you need to breathe, which set them into action and make you inhale by contracting
52
3 diseases of the respiratory system
tuberculosis cancer SARS
53
musculoskeletal system
supports the body, protects organs and makes movement possible
54
skeleton consists of 4 tissues
bones ligaments cartilage tendons
55
ligaments
tough elastic tissues that hold bones together at their joints
56
cartilage
a softer demse tissue providing support for the whole skeletal system
57
muscle
bundles of long cells that contract and stretch to move and are connected to the bones
58
tendons
connect muscle to bone
59
nervous system
the system that senses the environment
60
neuron
a nerve cell
61
components of the nervous system
brain spinal cord peripheral nerves
62
CNS
central nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord
63
PNS
peripheral nervous system that relays information from the outside world to the CNS
64
PNS divided into 3 parts
nerves that control the voluntary muscles nerves that carry information from the sensory organs nerves that regulate involuntary functions
65
3 functions of the nervous system (general)
communication coordination perception

sci exam review (8 decks)

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