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sci exam review > biology - chapter 3 > Flashcards

biology - chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

hierarchy

A

an organizational structurewith more complex or important things at the top and simpler or lesser things ta the bottom

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2
Q

tissue

A

a collection of similar cells that perform a particular but limited function

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3
Q

organ system

A

a system of one or more organs and structures that work together to perform a major vital body funtion

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4
Q

hierarchy of structures list

A

cellular level
tissue level
organ level
organ system level
organism level

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5
Q

4 tissues in a human

A

epithelial tissue
connective tissue
nerve tissue
muscle tissue

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6
Q

epithelial tissue

A

a thin sheet of tightly packed cells that covers body surfaces and lines internal organs and body cavities

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7
Q

connective tissue

A

provides support and protection for various parts of the body

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8
Q

muscle tissue

A

tissue containing proteins that can contract to move

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9
Q

nerve tissue

A

tissue that conducts electrical signals from one part to another

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10
Q

cellular differentiation

A

the process by which a cell becomes specialized

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11
Q

stem cell

A

undifferentiated cell that can divide to make specialized cells

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12
Q

two types of stem cells

A

embryonic
tissue

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13
Q

difference between embryonic stem cells and tissue stem cells

A

tissue stem cells (or adult cells) exist in specialized tissue and can only divide into a few certain types of cells. embryonic stem cells can be anything.

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14
Q

digestive system is composed of

A

mouth
esophagus
stomach
intestines
liver
pancreas
gallbladder

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15
Q

digestive system functions

A

takes in breaks up digests and excretes food/waste

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16
Q

another word for large intestine is

A

colon

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17
Q

mouth (digestive system)

A

breaks down food mechanically and chemically with saliva

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18
Q

esophagus (digestive system)

A

smooth muscle tissue that involuntarily pushes food down to the sphincters/stomach

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19
Q

stomach

A

churns food as well as creates stomach acid and other digestive enzymes

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20
Q

bolus

A

a ball of chewed up food going into the esophagus

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21
Q

epiglottis

A

blocks your windpipe from getting any food or water in it

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22
Q

stomach acid is mostly composed of

A

hydrochloric acid

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23
Q

sphincter

A

separates the stomach from the rest of the digestion system at each end

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24
Q

chyme

A

food broken down by the stomach

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25
Q

small intestine

A

smooth muscle tissue that digests chyme coming from the stomach (food) and is lined with mucus

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26
Q

small intestine 3 parts

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

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27
Q

3 accesory organs

A

liver
pancreas
gallbladder

28
Q

liver

A

produces bile and breaks down fats with it

29
Q

pancreas

A

produces insulin to regulate the concentration of glucose or sugar in the blood

30
Q

gallbladder

A

creates digestive enzymes

31
Q

4 stages of digestion

A

ingestion
digestion
absorption
elimination

32
Q

circulatory system

A

the system that transports oxygen and nutrients around the body and carries away waste

33
Q

3 parts of the circulatory system

A

heart
blood
blood vessels

34
Q

4 parts of blood

A

white blood cells
red blood cells
platelets
plasma

35
Q

red blood cells

A

contain hemoglobin which makes the cells red and carries oxygen

36
Q

white blood cells

A

infection fighting cells that destroy bacteria

37
Q

platelets

A

tiny cells that contribute to blood clotting

38
Q

plasma

A

protein rich fluid that carries blood cells

39
Q

artery

A

a thick-walled blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart

40
Q

vein

A

a blood vessel that returns blood to the heart

41
Q

capillary

A

tiny thin-walled blood vessel that exchanges gas nutrients and waste between blood and tissue

42
Q

3 tissues of the heart

A

cardiac muscle tissue
nerve tissue
connective tissue

43
Q

cardiac muscle tissue

A

special type of muscle only found in the heart that controls the regular heartbeat

44
Q

2 diseases of the circulatory system

A

coronary artery disease
heart attack

45
Q

electrocardiagram

A

a test that measure the electrical activity of the heart through its beat cycle

46
Q

respiratory system

A

provides oxygen for the body and allows carbon dioxide to leave the body

47
Q

components of the respiratory system

A

nose
mouth
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs
diaphragm

48
Q

cilia

A

hairlike protrusions on some epithelial cells covered in mucus so as to increase surface area (in the digestive system) or filter things out (respiratory system)

49
Q

gas exchange in the lungs

A

when oxygen enters the body it enters the lungs and filters into the alveoli
the alveoli have very thin walls so the oxygen diffuses out of them into the capillaries surrounding them
you then breathe out what the capillaries gave you (co2) when you made the exchange

50
Q

alveolus (plural alveoli)

A

tiny sac of air in the lungs surrounded by a network of capillaries

51
Q

breathing; how does it work?

A

parts of your brain that detect co2 levels let the diaphragm, the heart, and other muscles know you need to breathe, which set them into action and make you inhale by contracting

52
Q

3 diseases of the respiratory system

A

tuberculosis
cancer
SARS

53
Q

musculoskeletal system

A

supports the body, protects organs and makes movement possible

54
Q

skeleton consists of 4 tissues

A

bones
ligaments
cartilage
tendons

55
Q

ligaments

A

tough elastic tissues that hold bones together at their joints

56
Q

cartilage

A

a softer demse tissue providing support for the whole skeletal system

57
Q

muscle

A

bundles of long cells that contract and stretch to move and are connected to the bones

58
Q

tendons

A

connect muscle to bone

59
Q

nervous system

A

the system that senses the environment

60
Q

neuron

A

a nerve cell

61
Q

components of the nervous system

A

brain
spinal cord
peripheral nerves

62
Q

CNS

A

central nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord

63
Q

PNS

A

peripheral nervous system that relays information from the outside world to the CNS

64
Q

PNS divided into 3 parts

A

nerves that control the voluntary muscles
nerves that carry information from the sensory organs
nerves that regulate involuntary functions

65
Q

3 functions of the nervous system (general)

A

communication
coordination
perception

sci exam review (8 decks)

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