biology - chapter 2

Question 1

cell theory

Answer 1

all things are made up of one or more cells
cells are the basic unit of life
cells can only come from other cells

Question 2

prokaryote

Answer 2

a cell that doesn’t contain a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles

Question 3

eukaryote

Answer 3

a cell that contains a nucleus and other organelles, each surrounded by a thin membrane

Question 4

example of a prokaryote

Answer 4

e.coli

Question 5

organelle

Answer 5

a cell structure that performs a specific function for the cell

Question 6

name all of the organelles common to plant and animal cells

Answer 6

cytoplasm, cell membrane, nucleus, nucleolus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi bodies, vacuoles

Question 7

cytoplasm

Answer 7

mostly water, but also contains other substances.
jelly-like (although sometimes liquid) substance holding all the organelles in the cell.

Question 8

cell membrane

Answer 8

a flexible double-layered membrane functioning to support the cell and allow some substances to enter and some not.
semi-permeable.

Question 9

nucleus

Answer 9

spherical structure containing genetic information and instructs the cell

Question 10

DNA

Answer 10

the material in the nucleus of a cell that contains all fo the cell’s genetic information

Question 11

mitchondria

Answer 11

convert energy for the cell (powerhouse)
active tissues have more mitochondria

Question 12

endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 12

network of tubes and pockets that transport materials like proteins through the cell
controls hormones in the brain
controls contraction in the muscles

Question 13

golgi bodies

Answer 13

collect and process materials for export out of the cell
also make mucus
any tissue with a lot of mucus = many golgi bodies

Question 14

vacuoles

Answer 14

a single layer of membrane enclosing fluid in a sac
containing substances
removes stuff out of the cell
maintaining pressure

Question 15

organelles only in plant cells

Answer 15

cell wall
central vacuole
chloroplasts

Question 16

cell wall

Answer 16

rigid but porous structure made of cellulose protecting the outside of the cell from physical injury

Question 17

central vacuole

Answer 17

full of water which keeps the pressure correct and the cells plump and firm

Question 18

asexual reproduction

Answer 18

the process of producing offspring from only one parent; genetically identical to the parent

Question 19

sexual reproduction

Answer 19

the process of producing offspring by the fusion of two gametes; genetic information from each parent

Question 20

gametes

Answer 20

parental cells that contain only half of the DNA usually found in a cell. they join with another cell to create a new organism!!

Question 21

why do cells not just get bigger instead of multiplying?

Answer 21

the bigger a cell is, the longer diffusion takes, and all organelles in a cell need certain chemicals so they cant take too long to get there

Question 22

diffusion

Answer 22

a transport mechanism for moving chemicals into and out of the cell from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

Question 23

concentration

Answer 23

the amount of a substance in a given volume of solution

Question 24

osmosis

Answer 24

the movement of a fluid, usually water, across a membrane toward an area of high solute concentration

Question 25

why do cells divide (3)

Answer 25

reproduction growth repair

Question 26

cell cycle definition

Answer 26

the three stages through which a cell passes as it grows and divides

Question 27

cell cycle (3)

Answer 27

interphase cell division (mitosis, cytokinesis)

Question 28

interphase

Answer 28

the phase of the cell cycle during which the cell performs its normal functions and its genetic material is copied in preparation for cell division

Question 29

mitosis

Answer 29

the stage of the cell cycle in which the dna is divided

Question 30

cytokinesis

Answer 30

the stage in the cell cycle when the cytoplasm divides to form two identical cells

Question 31

daughter cells

Answer 31

one of two genetically identical new cells that result from the division of one parent cell

Question 32

chromatin

Answer 32

the spaghetti strings of dna in the nucleus during interphase

Question 33

mitosis stages (4)

Answer 33

prophase metaphase anaphase telophase

Question 34

prophase

Answer 34

the first stage of mitsosis in which the chromosomes condense and become visible and the nucleus dissolves

Question 35

metaphase

Answer 35

the second stage of mitosis in which the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell in accordance to the spindle fibers

Question 36

which stage does the cell spend most of its time

Answer 36

interphase

Question 37

chromosome

Answer 37

a structure in the cell nucleus made up of a portion of the cell's dna condensed into something found under a microscope

Question 38

chromatid

Answer 38

one of two identical strands of dna that make up a chromosome

Question 39

centromere

Answer 39

the structure that holds chromatids together as chromosomes

Question 40

anaphase

Answer 40

the third phase of mitasis where the centromere splits and sister chromatids separate into daughter chromosomes and move toward opposite poles of the cell

Question 41

telophase

Answer 41

the fourth and final stage of mitosis in which the chromatids unwind and a nuclear membrane reforms around the chromosomes at each end of the cell

Question 42

a cell should not divide if

Answer 42

signals from surrounding cells tell it not to divide there arent enough nutrients to divide the dna has not been replicated the dna is damaged

Question 43

checkpoints

Answer 43

specific points at which certain proteins moniter cells to send messages to the nucleus instructing whether or not the cell should divide

Question 44

cancer

Answer 44

a broad group of diseases that result in uncontrolled cell division

Question 45

tumour

Answer 45

a mass of cells that continue to grow and divide without any obvious function to the body

Question 46

2 types of tumours

Answer 46

benign malignant

Question 47

benign tumour

Answer 47

a tumour that does not affect surrounding tissues other than by physically crowding them

Question 48

malignant tumour

Answer 48

a tumour that interferes with the functioning of surrounding cells; a cancerous tumour

Question 49

metastatis

Answer 49

the process of cancer cells breaking away from the original tumour and establishing a tumour elswhere in the body

Question 50

mutation

Answer 50

a random change in DNA

Question 51

carcinogen

Answer 51

any environmental factor that causes cancer

Question 52

examples of carcinogens

Answer 52

tobacco smoke radiation chemicals

Question 53

Pap test

Answer 53

a test that involves taking a sample of cervical cells to determine if they are growing abrnormally

Question 54

ABCD of moles

Answer 54

Asymmetry Border Colour Diameter

Question 55

imaging technologies for cancer

Answer 55

endoscopy xray ultrasounds ct scan mri

Question 56

4 treatments for cancer

Answer 56

surgery chemotherapy radiation biophotonics

Question 57

biophotonics

Answer 57

the technology of using light energy to diagnose moniter and treat living cells and organisms

Question 58

specialized cell

Answer 58

a cell that can perform a specific function

Question 59

9 examples of specialized cells in animals

Answer 59

red blood cells skin cells bone cells muscle cells white blood cells sperm cells fat cells nerve cells photophores

Question 60

4 examples of specialized cells in plants

Answer 60

storage cells photosynthetic cells epidermal cells guard cells