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sci exam review > biology - chapter 2 > Flashcards

biology - chapter 2 Flashcards

cells

1
Q

cell theory

A

all things are made up of one or more cells
cells are the basic unit of life
cells can only come from other cells

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2
Q

prokaryote

A

a cell that doesn’t contain a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles

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3
Q

eukaryote

A

a cell that contains a nucleus and other organelles, each surrounded by a thin membrane

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4
Q

example of a prokaryote

A

e.coli

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5
Q

organelle

A

a cell structure that performs a specific function for the cell

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6
Q

name all of the organelles common to plant and animal cells

A

cytoplasm, cell membrane, nucleus, nucleolus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi bodies, vacuoles

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7
Q

cytoplasm

A

mostly water, but also contains other substances.
jelly-like (although sometimes liquid) substance holding all the organelles in the cell.

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8
Q

cell membrane

A

a flexible double-layered membrane functioning to support the cell and allow some substances to enter and some not.
semi-permeable.

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9
Q

nucleus

A

spherical structure containing genetic information and instructs the cell

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10
Q

DNA

A

the material in the nucleus of a cell that contains all fo the cell’s genetic information

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11
Q

mitchondria

A

convert energy for the cell (powerhouse)
active tissues have more mitochondria

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12
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

network of tubes and pockets that transport materials like proteins through the cell
controls hormones in the brain
controls contraction in the muscles

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13
Q

golgi bodies

A

collect and process materials for export out of the cell
also make mucus
any tissue with a lot of mucus = many golgi bodies

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14
Q

vacuoles

A

a single layer of membrane enclosing fluid in a sac
containing substances
removes stuff out of the cell
maintaining pressure

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15
Q

organelles only in plant cells

A

cell wall
central vacuole
chloroplasts

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16
Q

cell wall

A

rigid but porous structure made of cellulose protecting the outside of the cell from physical injury

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17
Q

central vacuole

A

full of water which keeps the pressure correct and the cells plump and firm

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18
Q

asexual reproduction

A

the process of producing offspring from only one parent; genetically identical to the parent

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19
Q

sexual reproduction

A

the process of producing offspring by the fusion of two gametes; genetic information from each parent

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20
Q

gametes

A

parental cells that contain only half of the DNA usually found in a cell. they join with another cell to create a new organism!!

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21
Q

why do cells not just get bigger instead of multiplying?

A

the bigger a cell is, the longer diffusion takes, and all organelles in a cell need certain chemicals so they cant take too long to get there

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22
Q

diffusion

A

a transport mechanism for moving chemicals into and out of the cell from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

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23
Q

concentration

A

the amount of a substance in a given volume of solution

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24
Q

osmosis

A

the movement of a fluid, usually water, across a membrane toward an area of high solute concentration

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25
Q

why do cells divide (3)

A

reproduction
growth
repair

26
Q

cell cycle definition

A

the three stages through which a cell passes as it grows and divides

27
Q

cell cycle (3)

A

interphase
cell division (mitosis, cytokinesis)

28
Q

interphase

A

the phase of the cell cycle during which the cell performs its normal functions and its genetic material is copied in preparation for cell division

29
Q

mitosis

A

the stage of the cell cycle in which the dna is divided

30
Q

cytokinesis

A

the stage in the cell cycle when the cytoplasm divides to form two identical cells

31
Q

daughter cells

A

one of two genetically identical new cells that result from the division of one parent cell

32
Q

chromatin

A

the spaghetti strings of dna in the nucleus during interphase

33
Q

mitosis stages (4)

A

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

34
Q

prophase

A

the first stage of mitsosis in which the chromosomes condense and become visible and the nucleus dissolves

35
Q

metaphase

A

the second stage of mitosis in which the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell in accordance to the spindle fibers

36
Q

which stage does the cell spend most of its time

A

interphase

37
Q

chromosome

A

a structure in the cell nucleus made up of a portion of the cell’s dna condensed into something found under a microscope

38
Q

chromatid

A

one of two identical strands of dna that make up a chromosome

39
Q

centromere

A

the structure that holds chromatids together as chromosomes

40
Q

anaphase

A

the third phase of mitasis where the centromere splits and sister chromatids separate into daughter chromosomes and move toward opposite poles of the cell

41
Q

telophase

A

the fourth and final stage of mitosis in which the chromatids unwind and a nuclear membrane reforms around the chromosomes at each end of the cell

42
Q

a cell should not divide if

A

signals from surrounding cells tell it not to divide
there arent enough nutrients to divide
the dna has not been replicated
the dna is damaged

43
Q

checkpoints

A

specific points at which certain proteins moniter cells to send messages to the nucleus instructing whether or not the cell should divide

44
Q

cancer

A

a broad group of diseases that result in uncontrolled cell division

45
Q

tumour

A

a mass of cells that continue to grow and divide without any obvious function to the body

46
Q

2 types of tumours

A

benign
malignant

47
Q

benign tumour

A

a tumour that does not affect surrounding tissues other than by physically crowding them

48
Q

malignant tumour

A

a tumour that interferes with the functioning of surrounding cells; a cancerous tumour

49
Q

metastatis

A

the process of cancer cells breaking away from the original tumour and establishing a tumour elswhere in the body

50
Q

mutation

A

a random change in DNA

51
Q

carcinogen

A

any environmental factor that causes cancer

52
Q

examples of carcinogens

A

tobacco smoke
radiation
chemicals

53
Q

Pap test

A

a test that involves taking a sample of cervical cells to determine if they are growing abrnormally

54
Q

ABCD of moles

A

Asymmetry
Border
Colour
Diameter

55
Q

imaging technologies for cancer

A

endoscopy
xray
ultrasounds
ct scan
mri

56
Q

4 treatments for cancer

A

surgery
chemotherapy
radiation
biophotonics

57
Q

biophotonics

A

the technology of using light energy to diagnose moniter and treat living cells and organisms

58
Q

specialized cell

A

a cell that can perform a specific function

59
Q

9 examples of specialized cells in animals

A

red blood cells
skin cells
bone cells
muscle cells
white blood cells
sperm cells
fat cells
nerve cells
photophores

60
Q

4 examples of specialized cells in plants

A

storage cells
photosynthetic cells
epidermal cells
guard cells

61
Q
A

sci exam review (8 decks)

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