Biology: cell communication

Question 1

How is “fight or flight” based on cell signaling?

Answer 1

epinefrin

Question 2

Draw an example of a G-protein coupled receptor. What percent of medicines work in this manner?

Answer 2

60 percent medicine t, n

Question 3

What are some diseases caused by errors or problems with the G-protein pathway

Question 4

Draw an Ion gated channel receptor and explain how it can be turned on/off

Question 5

What is an Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK) and how does it work?

Answer 5

two receptors

Question 6

Does a receptor tyrosine kinase activate one or many cellular responses?

Answer 6

many cellular responses because they are highly specific

Question 7

What are the responses most often associated with RTKs?

Answer 7

Cell growth and reproduction (stimulate signals)

Question 8

What is a Phosphorylation cascade?

Answer 8

chain of proteins that gets activated (expands out, amplification), phosphate added to first molecule and it is passed on to different proteins on the line and it can signal other phosphates. Which changes shape

Question 9

How does a second messenger work?

Answer 9

send a message from one cell to another. Intracellular and promotes secondary message which gets a response. (non protein, CAMP, Calcium)

Question 10

Why would it be important to a cell or organism to have signal amplification?

Answer 10

it can turn a small signal into a large response very quickly

Question 11

What is apoptosis

Answer 11

a process in which a damaged cell, or a cell near the end of its life cycle breaks down its cellular components and dies

Question 12

In dogs there can be a deficiency in the Tyrosine development in early embryos. What describes a dog that has inherited this efficiency?

Answer 12

A small dog because tyrosine is part of RTK and also used for growth. If tyrosine isn’t enough the growth hormone would not work

Question 13

How does a scaffolding protein increase efficiency

Answer 13

take several transport proteins and take them with it which increases rate of reaction and decrease blockage

Question 14

Why would apoptosis require integration of multiple signaling pathways?

Answer 14

shut down each system as you go. so the cell gets a signal to make sure it dies

Question 15

explain how cyclins work and cyclin dependant kinases

Answer 15

phosphorylates only if there is cyclins - regulate cell life cycle (messaging molecule).

Question 16

Explain the process of Genetic Variation in Meiosis

Answer 16

synapse crossing over each other in Prophase 1 = 4 different possible chromosomes (if no crossing over there would only be 2)
genetic variation - strengthen populations bc of diversity

Question 17

Does meiosis always end in 4 gametes. explain

Question 18

why does the cell cycle have a G0 option

Question 19

DNA is measured in picograms. If a somatic cell has 40 picograms, what would i expect to measure in a gamete

Answer 19

20 because gamete is half of somatic cell