AP bio: heriditary

Question 1

mendelian genetics

Answer 1

traits that illustrate the laws of inheritance first described in the 1860s by Gregor Mendel, known as the father of genetics.

Question 2

Gregor Mendel

Answer 2

father of genetics and PEA PLANT GUY

Question 3

Segregation

Answer 3

allele pairs separate randomly from each other during the production of gametes: egg and sperm. Because allele pairs separate during gamete production, a sperm or egg carries only one allele for each inherited trait.

Question 4

genes

Answer 4

a discrete unit of heredity information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA

Question 5

independent assortment

Answer 5

formation of random combinations of chromosomes in meiosis and of genes on different pairs of homologous chromosomes by the passage according to the laws of probability of one of each diploid pair of homologous chromosomes into each gamete independently of each other pair.

Question 6

P generation

Answer 6

formation of random combinations of chromosomes in meiosis and of genes on different pairs of homologous chromosomes by the passage according to the laws of probability of one of each diploid pair of homologous chromosomes into each gamete independently of each other pair.

Question 7

F1 generation

Answer 7

the first filial, hybrid (heterozygous) offspring arising from a parental cross

Question 8

F2 generation

Answer 8

the offspring resulting from interbreeding (or self-pollination) of the hybrid F1 generation

Question 9

punnett square

Answer 9

a diagram used in the study of inheritance to show the predicted genotypic results of random fertilization in genetic crosses between individuals of known genotype

Question 10

law of segregation

Answer 10

states that the two alleles in a pair segregate (separate from each other) into different gametes during gamete formation

Question 11

law of independent assortment

Answer 11

sates that each pair of alleles segregates, or assorts, independently of each other pair during gamete formation; applies when genes for two characters are located on different pairs of homologous chromosomes or when they are far enough apart on the same chromosome to behave as though they are on different chromosomes

Question 12

heterozygous

Answer 12

having two different alleles for a given gene

Question 13

homozygous

Answer 13

having two identical alleles for a given gene

Question 14

recessive

Answer 14

an allele whose phenotypic effect is not observed in a heterozygote

Question 15

allele

Answer 15

any of the alternative versions of a gene that may produce distinguishable phenotypic effects

Question 16

chromosome

Answer 16

a cellular structure carrying genetic material, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

Question 17

genotype

Answer 17

the genetic makeup, or set of alleles, of an organism

Question 18

phenotype

Answer 18

the observable physical and physiological traits of an organism, which are determined by its genetic makeup

Question 19

pedigree

Answer 19

a diagram of a family tree with conventional symbols, showing the occurrence of heritable characters in parents and offspring over multiple generations

Question 20

dihybrid

Answer 20

an organism that is heterozygous with respect to two genes of interest. All the offspring from a cross between parents doubly homozygous for different alleles
AABB x aabb= AaBb

Question 21

monohybrid

Answer 21

an organism that is heterozygous with respect to a single gene of interest. AA x aa= Aa

Question 22

hybrid

Answer 22

offspring that results from the mating of individuals from two different species or from two true-breeding varieties of the same species

Question 23

polygenic

Answer 23

an additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character

Question 24

pleiotropy

Answer 24

the ability of a single gene to have multiple effects

Question 25

somatic cell

Answer 25

any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg or their precursors

Question 26

gamete

Answer 26

a haploid reproductive cell, such as an egg or sperm. unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote

Question 27

polyploidy

Answer 27

a chromosomal alteration in which the organism possesses more than two complete chromosome sets. it is the result of an accident of cell division

Question 28

sex linked gene

Answer 28

a gene located on either sex chromosome. most occur on the x chromosome and show distinct patterns of inheritance

Question 29

autosome

Answer 29

a chromosome that is not directly involved in determining sex; not a sex chromosome

Question 30

codominance

Answer 30

the situation in which the phenotypes of both alleles are exhibited in the heterozygote because both alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways.

Question 31

incomplete dominance

Answer 31

the situation in which the phenotype of heterozygotes is intermediate between the phenotypes of individuals homozygous for either allele

Question 32

epistasis

Answer 32

a type of gene interaction in which the phenotypic expression of one gene alters that of another independently inherited gene

Question 33

multiple alleles

Answer 33

more than 2 alleles controlling one trait and therefore more than a simple dominant/recessive relationship between alleles (blood types)

Question 34

how do environmental factors affect phenotypes

Answer 34

environmental cues give to rise to modifications in phenotypes. They change the phenotypes in species to help them adapt, natural selection

Question 35

linked genes

Answer 35

genes located close enough together on a chromosome that they tend to be inherited together

Question 36

null hypothesis

Answer 36

there is no significant difference between the observed and expected frequencies

Question 37

autosomal dominant

Answer 37

a pedigree where the dark color represents traits on the body that are common

Question 38

autosomal recessive

Answer 38

a pedigree where the dark color represents traits on the body that are not common

Question 39

sex linked dominant

Answer 39

a pedigree where the dark color represents traits on the X chromosome that are common (if the dad has it then all daughters have it)

Question 40

sex linked recessive

Answer 40

a pedigree where the dark color represents traits on the X chromosome that are uncommon (if a daughter has it then the dad HAS to have it)