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AP bio: heriditary Flashcards

1
Q

mendelian genetics

A

traits that illustrate the laws of inheritance first described in the 1860s by Gregor Mendel, known as the father of genetics.

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2
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

father of genetics and PEA PLANT GUY

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3
Q

Segregation

A

allele pairs separate randomly from each other during the production of gametes: egg and sperm. Because allele pairs separate during gamete production, a sperm or egg carries only one allele for each inherited trait.

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4
Q

genes

A

a discrete unit of heredity information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA

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5
Q

independent assortment

A

formation of random combinations of chromosomes in meiosis and of genes on different pairs of homologous chromosomes by the passage according to the laws of probability of one of each diploid pair of homologous chromosomes into each gamete independently of each other pair.

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6
Q

P generation

A

formation of random combinations of chromosomes in meiosis and of genes on different pairs of homologous chromosomes by the passage according to the laws of probability of one of each diploid pair of homologous chromosomes into each gamete independently of each other pair.

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7
Q

F1 generation

A

the first filial, hybrid (heterozygous) offspring arising from a parental cross

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8
Q

F2 generation

A

the offspring resulting from interbreeding (or self-pollination) of the hybrid F1 generation

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9
Q

punnett square

A

a diagram used in the study of inheritance to show the predicted genotypic results of random fertilization in genetic crosses between individuals of known genotype

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10
Q

law of segregation

A

states that the two alleles in a pair segregate (separate from each other) into different gametes during gamete formation

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11
Q

law of independent assortment

A

sates that each pair of alleles segregates, or assorts, independently of each other pair during gamete formation; applies when genes for two characters are located on different pairs of homologous chromosomes or when they are far enough apart on the same chromosome to behave as though they are on different chromosomes

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12
Q

heterozygous

A

having two different alleles for a given gene

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13
Q

homozygous

A

having two identical alleles for a given gene

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14
Q

recessive

A

an allele whose phenotypic effect is not observed in a heterozygote

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15
Q

allele

A

any of the alternative versions of a gene that may produce distinguishable phenotypic effects

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16
Q

chromosome

A

a cellular structure carrying genetic material, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

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17
Q

genotype

A

the genetic makeup, or set of alleles, of an organism

18
Q

phenotype

A

the observable physical and physiological traits of an organism, which are determined by its genetic makeup

19
Q

pedigree

A

a diagram of a family tree with conventional symbols, showing the occurrence of heritable characters in parents and offspring over multiple generations

20
Q

dihybrid

A

an organism that is heterozygous with respect to two genes of interest. All the offspring from a cross between parents doubly homozygous for different alleles
AABB x aabb= AaBb

21
Q

monohybrid

A

an organism that is heterozygous with respect to a single gene of interest. AA x aa= Aa

22
Q

hybrid

A

offspring that results from the mating of individuals from two different species or from two true-breeding varieties of the same species

23
Q

polygenic

A

an additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character

24
Q

pleiotropy

A

the ability of a single gene to have multiple effects

25
Q

somatic cell

A

any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg or their precursors

26
Q

gamete

A

a haploid reproductive cell, such as an egg or sperm. unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote

27
Q

polyploidy

A

a chromosomal alteration in which the organism possesses more than two complete chromosome sets. it is the result of an accident of cell division

28
Q

sex linked gene

A

a gene located on either sex chromosome. most occur on the x chromosome and show distinct patterns of inheritance

29
Q

autosome

A

a chromosome that is not directly involved in determining sex; not a sex chromosome

30
Q

codominance

A

the situation in which the phenotypes of both alleles are exhibited in the heterozygote because both alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways.

31
Q

incomplete dominance

A

the situation in which the phenotype of heterozygotes is intermediate between the phenotypes of individuals homozygous for either allele

32
Q

epistasis

A

a type of gene interaction in which the phenotypic expression of one gene alters that of another independently inherited gene

33
Q

multiple alleles

A

more than 2 alleles controlling one trait and therefore more than a simple dominant/recessive relationship between alleles (blood types)

34
Q

how do environmental factors affect phenotypes

A

environmental cues give to rise to modifications in phenotypes. They change the phenotypes in species to help them adapt, natural selection

35
Q

linked genes

A

genes located close enough together on a chromosome that they tend to be inherited together

36
Q

null hypothesis

A

there is no significant difference between the observed and expected frequencies

37
Q

autosomal dominant

A

a pedigree where the dark color represents traits on the body that are common

38
Q

autosomal recessive

A

a pedigree where the dark color represents traits on the body that are not common

39
Q

sex linked dominant

A

a pedigree where the dark color represents traits on the X chromosome that are common (if the dad has it then all daughters have it)

40
Q

sex linked recessive

A

a pedigree where the dark color represents traits on the X chromosome that are uncommon (if a daughter has it then the dad HAS to have it)

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