122 history final

Question 1

1. Plessy v. Ferguson – causes, court ruling, and consequences of the court ruling

Answer 1

The case originates from the separate car act of 1890 which stated all railways adopt the separate but equal mentality, this rose as an issue when Homer plessy who was ¼ african american sat in a white train car and refused to move when confronted by white passengers. Plessy was promptly arrested and took the issue to court. John fergusson was the judge that was addressing plessy’s claim that the arrest was unconstitutional, however Ferguson sided against plessy and dismissed his claim. The effect of this was it justified the separate but equal doctrine causing jim crow laws and racial segregation to plague america for the next 50 years

Question 2

2. Why did black Americans migrate to northern cities during World War I?

Answer 2

They wanted to search for higher wages in industrial jobs and because there was racism in the south which affected them socially and politically

Question 3

3. What problem did many farmers (sharecroppers) have under the sharecropping system?

Answer 3

cycle of debt, farmers use land and then they are given stuff but sharecroppers owe them money for stuff. Landowners sell crops and give few amount to sharecroppers, which is not an amount they would be able to survive to so then sharecroppers keep repeating this cycle.

Question 4

4. Why was the 1876 presidential election one of the most unusual in U.S. history? What was the Compromise of 1877?

Answer 4

1876 → republicans and democrats compromised and made a decision which was the republicans would get presidency, democrats would get secretary of state, and democrats ended reconstruction by pulling military groups out and gave states control.

Compromise of 1877 –> Democrats allowed Hayes to become president only if republican control in the south and military in the south ended., basically ending reconstruction in the south

Question 5

5. Why did the South use poll taxes and literacy tests to keep African Americans from voting?

Answer 5

African americans faced racism and they were voting for republicans originally and democrats did not want african americans to vote for republican party. Poll taxes and literacy tests do not violate any amendment because 15th amendment states that african americans cannot be denied voting rights due to race, but poll taxes and literacy tests did not deny voting rights because of race, so therefore it doesn’t violate 15th amendment. The 24th amendment gets rid of poll taxes and literacy tests.

Question 6

6. What was the Dred Scott decision?

Answer 6

Dred scott decision stated African Americans were not citizens, but the 14th amendment says they are citizens. 14th amendment overrides dred scott decision

Question 7

7. What was Lincoln, Johnson, and Radical Republicans Reconstruction plans?

Answer 7

Lincoln included the 10 percent plan which focused on reuniting the union and not punishing them. Johnson has same plan as lincoln except that he wants landowners to ask for a pardon. He wants rich people to ask him. Johnson is racist and does not support freedmen’s bureau. Radical republicans want 50 percent oath of loyalty and they wanna take control of the south.

Question 8

8. Why was Andrew Johnson impeached?

Answer 8

He violated the office of tenure act, which stated that president cannot fire anyone from the cabinet. Real reason is that Radical republicans wanna take over reconstruction.
impeached means not removed from office, but charged

Question 9

9. Explain the purpose of the Dawes Act.

Answer 9

Assimilate native americans. The dawes act divided the tribal lands into plots depending on the family size. U.S. citizen was granted to those who stayed on the land for 25 years and adopted the habits of white americans.

Question 10

10. Describe the differences between New and Old Immigrants.

Answer 10

Old immigrants came from western europe. They knew english, were literate, and had more skills
New immigrants came from southern and eastern europe. Majority of them were catholic and they were considered as unskilled

Question 11

11. What are the characteristics of the Gilded Age?

Answer 11

gap between rich and poor, industries are going great on the outside, but on the inside it is ugly because workers are being exploited

Question 12

12. What industry are each of the following connected to? How did they control the market?
    - cargnegie
    - rockefeller
    - morgan
    - vanderbilt

Answer 12

Carnegie → steel
Rockefeller → oil
Morgan → banks
Vanderbilt → railroads

Question 13

13. Explain the role of the government during the Gilded Age.

Answer 13

laissez faire, government stays out of it

Question 14

15. Explain the difference in vertical and horizontal integration.

Answer 14

vertical integration → carnegie, owning everything that goes into production of steel or item,

horizontal integration → standard oil, rockefeller is gonna buy out all the other oil companies (umbrella)

Question 15

16. Who is Boss Tweed and how did he maintain control?

Answer 15

Many immigrants were coming in due to economic opportunities, so Boss Tweed was giving opportunity to these immigrants so he can gain their trust to support him for elections

Question 16

17. Explain the differences in the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor.

Answer 16

knights of labor → women, immigrants, blacks can join
american federation of labor → must have a skill, white men can join

Question 17

18. What are muckrakers? What impact did they have?

Answer 17

expose corruption of businesses and stuff through novels and pictures. They post them on newspapers. This will make changes and include reforms

Question 18

19. Explain the importance of Upton Sinclair and The Jungle

Answer 18

upton sinclair was a muckraker who lead to the creation of the meat inspection act through his book, The Jungle

Question 19

20. Explain the following Progressive Legislative Acts:
    Pure Food and Drug Act, Meat Inspection Act, Federal Reserve Act

Answer 19

Wilson is reforming the banking system; the idea of having the federal reserved war with district banks.
Pure Food and Drug Act →Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs.
Meat Inspection Act → prohibited the sale of adulterated or misbranded livestock and derived products as food and ensured sanitary slaughtering and processing of livestock.
Federal Reserve Act → reforming, wilson proposes national banking system and have a reserve board with district banks

Question 20

21. 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th, and 21st, 24th Amendments

Answer 20

13th → end slavery
14th → citizenship and due process
15th → can’t be denied the right to vote based on race
16th → pay taxes on income
17th → direct election of senators
18th → prohibition
19th → women being able to vote
21st → takes away 18th amendment and takes away prohibition
24th → ends poll taxes

Question 21

22. What are and what was the purpose of recall, referendum, and initiative?

Answer 21

After boss tweed, purpose was giving the people a say in the government
recall → remove corrupted people from office
referendum → laws we can vote on
initiative →we can initiate a law

Question 22

23. Explain the importance and main ideas of the Teller Amendment.

Answer 22

Cuba rebels against spain but cuba doesn’t want US in it either so US agrees to not take over cuba, but at the end, the US says they won’t take over cuba, but cuba has to follow specific rules: alliance with US and no alliances with other countries, US military bases in cuba

Question 23

24. Chinese Exclusion Act

Answer 23

restricted chinese from coming to the US because americans though they were destroying american culture by introducing theirs

Question 24

25. The purpose and main ideas of the Roosevelt Corollary

Answer 24

THe Roosevelt Corollary stated that the US would intervene in foreign matters if it was their last resort. The corollary stated that the western hemeshperer was not open to colonization by european powers and that the us had the responsibility to preserve and protect the life and property in those countries. It also let the latin american countries know that the us would intervene to maintain peace and stability in the region.

Question 25

26. Which president used Dollar Diplomacy and what was the main idea of this strategy?

Answer 25

William howard taft used dollar diplomacy to secure the financial prosperity for the US and make it superior to other nations by lending money to foreign countries in return for the US to have the ability to make decisions for the governments of those countries in latin america and china

Question 26

27. Which industry attracted most American investment in Hawaii?

Answer 26

Sugar plantations industry

Question 27

28. What was the Open-Door policy?

Answer 27

US economic diplomacy in china which forced china to trade with US and make equal trade opportunities with other countries. Foreign influence increased in china which led to a backlash against foreigners

Question 28

29. How did the U.S. acquire the Philippines and Guam?

Answer 28

The spanish american war which led to the treaty of peace, which provided the us aquisation of guam in the pacific and the philippines in return for a payment to spain of $20 million dollars (us bought philippines from spain).

Question 29

30. Why did the US Imperialize other countries? Why was expansion in the Pacific important?

Answer 29

The US imperialized because of two things: a desire for new markets for its industrial products and a belief in the racial and cultural superiotity of americans. They wanted to spread their influence on countries all over the world (as well as Christian missionaries). Eepansion in the pacific was imprtant because the US was looking to establish their presence in china as well as their profits from spreading into china, looked for new economic opportunities, land expansion, manifest destiny (god given right for the US to expand), western commercial interests.

Question 30

31. Explain the reasons for U.S. neutrality at the start of WWI and how it was challenged?

Answer 30

US stays neutral because they have diversity and do not want to become problematic and they do not want to get involved in other conflicts. Wilson had a policy of isolationism, wanted to maintain peace, and people did not want to get involved. Americans were focused on home more than overseas. The US was challenged through the sinking of the Lusitania, which was a british ship (allies of the US), and the zimmerman telegram, which was a coded message to Mexico which asked them to support Germany. If Mexico did this, Germany would get them their US conquered lands back (Texas, new mexico, and arizona).

Question 31

32. Explain the purpose of and the consequences for the Zimmermann Telegram.

Answer 31

Germany proposed a military alliance with Mexico against the US and Germany told Mexico they would return the US occupied territories back if Mexico agreed to become allies. The proposal was a secret coded message to Mexico. This was the tipping point which persuaded the US to join World War I

Question 32

33. On April 2, 1917, Woodrow Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war for which purpose?

Answer 32

This was due to German’s unrestricted Submarine Warfare, which sunk ships without a warning. US officially declared war against Germany.

Question 33

34. What was the Red Scare?

Answer 33

The Red Scare was a combo of unhappiness in peace processes and communist fears from RUssia. Anti-german hysteria slowly transformed into Anti-communist hysteria which was known as the red scare. DUrin the Red Scare, many US citizen started to become xenophobic which resulted in them being afraid of immigrants because they were scared the immigrants would be communist, anarchist, or socialist (scared that immigrants would embrace any of those ideologies).

Question 34

35. What were the Espionage and Sedition Acts? Schenck v. United States?

Answer 34

The Espionage Acts → Placed punishments–imprisonment– for those who tried to incite rebellion or interfere with the US armed forces, or interfere in the operation of the draft. Or, to promote the sucess of the country’s (US) enemy. Would face imprisonment of up to 20 years for such an offence.
Sedition Acts → Reinforced the Espionage acts. prohibited anyone from making false accusations of the US government. False statements that interfered with the prosecution of the war. These acts prohitbited anyone from making “disloyal” or “abusive” remarks about the US government. they would be sentenced to 10 years in federal prison for this offence. (speaking out against the war).
Schenck v. US → right to free speech can be limited when presented a clear and present danger to the publics safety.

Question 35

36. What was the initial reaction of most Americans to the outbreak of World War I in Europe?

Answer 35

They wanted to ensure that the US could stay out of conflict.

Question 36

37. The Fourteen Points had what purpose? Senators opposing America’s participation in the League of Nations made what argument?

Answer 36

Woodrow Wilson always tried his best to make a peace settlement when the war ended. He claimed that the US would have peace without victory. He then presented to Congress the 14 points which were designed to address the causes of WW1 and prevent another war. THe last point in the 14 points talked about creating international peace association which would be named the league of nations. The senators opposing americans participation in the LON made the argument that the legue would commit the US to an expensive organization that would defend the US ability to defend its own interests.

Question 37

38. Why were immigration quotas put on parts of Europe?

Answer 37

The US put immigration quotes in order to limit the amount of immigrants entering the United States. Immigrants were especially restricted from southern and easter europe (new immigrants) more than immigrants from northern and western europe(old immigrants). The immigration act of 1924 led to this.

Question 38

39. Jim Crow Laws?

Answer 38

Southern states adopted Jim Crow Laws, which were segregation laws.

Question 39

40. Why didn’t the US ratify the Treaty of Versailles? League of Nations?

Answer 39

Congress did not approve of US joining the league of nations or ratifying the treaty of versailles because the senators feared that the US unvolvment in the LON would mean that the american troops might be sent into europe to settle the european dispputes. They thought this was unconstitutional and a constraint on americas freedom or action in international affairs.

Question 40

41. What impact did the Great Depression have on the Federal Government?

Answer 40

The Great depression led to many losses: Americans were losing their jobs, banks were failing, americans were losing their homes, unemployment rose, businesses were failing, life savings were lost. Hoover claimed that the relief of the depression should come from the thes tate governments not the federal governemt. FDR believed that the federal government had to be involved in give support so he created the New Deal, in which a lot of relief reform and recovery programs were created to help with the great depression. he wanted the federal government to be involved in brnging america economic recovery and putting americans back to work through federal activism. New Federal agencies attempted to control agricultural production, stabilize wages and prices, and create a vast public works program for the unemployed.

Question 41

42. Purpose of: AAA, CCC, WPA, Social security, SEC

Answer 41

AAA → The Agricultural Adjustment Administration→encouraged farmers to reduce production and increase prices by offering to pay the government subsides for every acre they plowed under. (recovery/relief)

CCC → THe Civilian Conservation Corps → employed young men on projects on federal lands and paid their families small monthly sums (recovery).
WPA → Works Progress Administration → This was to provide people with jobs; most of these workers were put to work constructing new bridges roads, airports, and public buildings. unemployed artists, writers, actors, and photographers were paid by the WPA in order to paint murals, write histories, and perform in plays. (relief)

Social Security → it created a federal insurance program based upon the automatic collectin of payments from the employeesemplowers throughout the people’s working career. the social security trust fund would be used to make monthly payments to those who are retired and over the age of 65.(relief/

SEC → The Securities and Change Commission → was created to prevent fraud, insider trading, and pllaced strict limits on the kind of speculative practices that led to the wall street crash in 1929.

Question 42

43. What was the Double V Campaign?

Answer 42

one for victory over fasism abroad and one for equality at home (double victory slogan). As African Americans left the south and went to the north and west looking for job opportunities, some even joined the army to protect america during the war. the segrataion and discrimination continued on the filed too, which is why civil rights activist told blacks to take the adopt the doubl v slogan. this campaign was a drive to demand equality for african americans, both abroad and in home (america).

Question 43

44. What area did Japan attack in China? US response? Why was the US threatened by this?

Answer 43

Japan attacked the chinese provine of manchuria in order to establish a puppet government there (proxy). This act interrupted the open door policy and the league of nations. In response to this, the US cut connections with Japan and stop supplying them goods such as oil, scrap metal, and aviation fuel. they placed a full embargo on on exports to japan. THis angered the Japanese. THe US was threatened because the embargo policy was what led to the bombing of pearl harbor.

Question 44

45. What are the: Marshal plan, truman doctrine, eisenhower doctrine, domino theory

Answer 44

Marshall Plan → This plan helped give aid to the european countries who suffered from the wrekening effects of the war. helped those powers strengthen their democratic governments and revive their economies. USSR did not want US help because they thought this would grow to a dependence on the US.

Truman Doctrine → THis was created to assist the free peoples of greece and turkey from totalitarian regimes. this gained a lot of support from the republicans and the democrats. This was also trumans containment policy which was a response to two threats: communist uprisings in greece and and soviets demands for water control in turkey.

Eisenhower Doctrine → US pledge of economic and military aid to middle easters countries that was threatened by communism.

Domino Theory → This was a theory made by eisenhower, that is if south vietnam fell under communist control, then one nation after another in southeast asia would also fall, until australia and new zealand were in dire danger.

Question 45

46. Why did Americans move urban areas during WWII?

Answer 45

They moved to seek better jobs, higher paying job opportunities, patriotic purposes, ato escape war and poverty, and for higher/better education.

Question 46

47. Know Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois

Answer 46

Booker T. Washington → Advocated for the equal rights for african americans and the end of oppression. He also developed and industrial and agricultural school for african americans known as the Tuskegee institute in Tuskegee, Alabama. He preached for the virtue of hard work, moderation, and economic self-help. He also organized the national Negro business League. He finished his education and graduated from hapton institute in VA. he wanted to bring racial harmony and economic coorpatation. civil rights activists had mixed emotions about his approach to this issue: some said that he was too willing to accept discrimination.

W.E.B. DuBois → would demand an end to segregation and the granting of equal civil rights to all americans. director of publicity and research for the national association for the advancement of colored people (NAACP) → first target was inequality in education.

Question 47

48. What impact did the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) have on Americans?

Answer 47

This was originally made to seek out Nazis but transformed into find communists (postwar transformation). it looked for communist influence in organizations such as the Boy Scouts and in the Hollywood film industry. Was created to discover/investigate the alleged disloyalty and rebel activities by private citizens, public employees, and organizations that were suspected of having communist ties. citiens found guilty of these things would be tried in a court of law.

Question 48

49. What is Détente?

Answer 48

Easing of hostility or strained relations with other nations (between two countries). Establishing a sense of peace.

Question 49

50. What is massive retaliation? Mutually Assured Destruction? What president is this associated with?

Answer 49

Massive Retaliation → a strategy of military counterattack that involved the use of nuclear weapons.
Mutually Assured Destruction → When two parties are in stalemate and neither can make a move without causing their own destruction.
President Eisenhower used these methods

Question 50

51. What were the consequences of the Sputnik launch?

Answer 50

The Soviet’s development of the sputnik satellites, made the US look bad: the US feared that the US military had fallen behind in developing new technology. The success of their satellites also spurred fear in the US because they were embarrassed by the fact that they did not have as many advanced techcological achievements as the Soviets did. To add to that embarrassment, when the americans tried to replicate that satellite, it failed miserably. the us was critisized for their lack of scientists and engineers. This lauch intensified the cold war tensions between the US and the USSR.

Question 51

52. Know what they are and the impact of: Bay of pigs, cuban missile crisis

Answer 51

Bay of Pigs: US-backed invasion of Cuba by democratic rebels that failed because the US didn’t directly involve their troops and planes.
Cuban Missile Crisis: The Russians put missiles in Cuba and the US responded by placing a blockade around Cuba, and it was the closest the world was ever close to nuclear warfare.

Question 52

53. Brown vs. Board of Education decision? Little Rock Nine? What were Eisenhower’s beliefs about the desegregation of schools?

Answer 52

To desegregate all the schools, and Little Rock nine were 9 teenagers who volunteered to go to an all-white school. His beliefs were that he was going to enforce the federal decision. He never declared that desegregating schools was the right thing to do, even though he went on to enforce the federal law in the south.
Brown vs. Board of Education → declared that segregation in schools was unconstitutional.

Question 53

54. Know :
    Dr. King and Civil Disobedience, Civil Rights Act of 1964, Voting Rights Act of 1965:

Answer 53

Dr. King and Civil Disobedience: Non violent protesting
Civil Rights Act of 1964: Kennedy started it, it continued under Johnson. was created to prohibit discriminationin employment and compensation on the basis of gender, but was poorly enforced.
Voting Rights Act of 1965: Outlawed literacy tests and provided registrars in areas where blacks were kept from voting.

Question 54

55. Purpose of the Great Society and compare it to the New Deal.

Answer 54

Great Society was to combat poverty with education while the New Deal give immediate relief to people after the great depressions using the three R’s.

Question 55

56. What is the War Powers Act of 1973?

Answer 55

It created checks and balances for the president on declaring war and military action abroad.

Question 56

57. What is it and why were the Camp David Accords significant?

Answer 56

It was when Carter invited government officials from Israel and Egypt and got Israel to return land in exchange for Egypt recognizing them.

Question 57

58. Know: Moral Majority, Reaganomics

Answer 57

Moral Majority → Religion in Politics, it was an organization that heavily involved Christianity and right wing ideals.
Reaganomics → Policies from Reagan on reducing taxes in unrestricted market taxes.

Question 58

59. When was the Department of Homeland Security created? Why?

Answer 58

It was created due to 9/11 and it was created in 2002. it was created to safeguard the US agaisnt terrorist attacks.

Question 59

60. Obama Presidency Notes:

Answer 59

signed the affordable care act→increasing health insurance coverage

initiated the capturing and killing of Osama Bin Laden