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Biology And Genetics Flashcards

Structures in animal cells. Functions of cell structures. Osmosis. Diffusion. Facilitated diffusion.

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1
Q

What are the 4 main elements of the human body?

A

Hydrogen. Oxygen. Carbon. Nitrogen.

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2
Q

What are some of the other lesser elements?

A

Calcium. Phosphorus. Potassium. Sodium. Sulfur. Chlorine. Magnesium. Iron. Iodine.

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3
Q

What percentage of the body is oxygen?

A

26%

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4
Q

What percentage of the body is hydrogen?

A

62%

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5
Q

What percentage of the body is carbon?

A

10%

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6
Q

What percentage of the body is nitrogen?

A

1.5%

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7
Q

What are the molecular components of the body?

A

Water. Proteins. Lipids. Carbohydrates.

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8
Q

What is a cell?

A

A basic structure in a living organism. This is the smallest functional unit and provide structure for the body as well as carry out various functions.

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9
Q

What are tissues?

A

A group of specialised cells working together for a particular function.

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10
Q

What is an organ?

A

A distinct structure made up of different tissues that have a specific function.

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11
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A collection of organs that carry out specific functions within an organism.

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12
Q

What is an organism?

A

A living thing carrying out life’s functions.

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13
Q

What is meiosis?

A

The dividing and replication process of sex cells in the human body including sperm and egg cells.

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14
Q

What is mitosis?

A

The dividing and replication process of all other cells in the human body.

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15
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

Cells with a nucleus and cell membrane. Contains specialise organelles in cytoplasm. Genetic material contained within the nucleus.

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16
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

Usually a bacteria and each cell is capable of independent life. No genetic material or nucleus.

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17
Q

What is the basic general cell structure?

A

Plasma (cell membrane). Then cytoplasm with organelles and cytosol. Then the nucleolus.

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18
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A

A phospholipid bilayer with liquid molecules, phospholipid, cholesterol and glycolipids with integral and peripheral plasma molecules.

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19
Q

What are some functions of the plasma membranes?

A

Separates cell contents from extracellular environment. Provides receptors. Facilitates contact with other body cells and mediates the exit and entry of materials. Selectively permeable.

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20
Q

What are the two ways material can move across a semi permeable membrane?

A

Passive processes with no energy needed. Also active processes requiring ATP.

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21
Q

What are some passive processes for movement of materials?

A

Diffusion, the movement of gases. Facilitated diffusion, the movement of glucose. Osmosis, the movement of water. Filtration in the kidneys.

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22
Q

What are some active processes in moving material?

A

Active transport, movements of ions, amino acids and monosaccharides.
Endocytosis. Bringing substances into the cell.
Exocytosis. Discharging substances from the cells. Movement against concentration gradient.

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23
Q

What is glucose converted to in order to facilitate diffusion?

A

Glucose 6-phosphate.

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24
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The net movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane by a difference in solute concentrations on two sides of a membrane.

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25
Q

What is tonicity?

A

Tonicity is a measure of the solutions ability to make water move into or out of a cell.

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26
Q

What is hypotonic?

A

When the cell has a lower volume of water so water enters cells faster than they leave.

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27
Q

What is hypertonic?

A

Less water outside a cell so water leaves the cell, causing it to shrink. The shrinking is called crenation.

28
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

Intracellular fluid made up of 75-90% water and over half the cell volume. Main site for chemical reactions.

29
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

Largest structure containing DNA in the form of chromosomes.

30
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Tiny spheres composed of ribosomal ribonucleic acid (60%) and protein (40%). Sites of protein synthesis.

31
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

A network of channels running through the cytoplasm. Provided large surface area for chemical reactions and transport. Rough (studded with ribosomes) or smooth. Rough synthesise protein. Smooth site of protein, fatty acid, steroids and phospholipid synthesis.

32
Q

What is the golgi body?

A

Cell organelle that helps process and package proteins and lipid molecules.

33
Q

What is mitochondria?

A

Responsible for cellular respiration in the presence of o2 and breaks down glucose to make ATP. The outer membrane releases ATP into cytoplasm through cells.

34
Q

What are lysomes/peroxisomes?

A

Vesicles formed in the golgi body. Contain enzymes and break down toxins that enter cells.

35
Q

What are cilia/flagella?

A

Projections for moving the cell or moving substances along the surface of a cell.

36
Q

What are the life processes?

A

Nutrition. Transportation. Respiration. Excretion. Reproduction. Metabolism.

37
Q

What are genetics?

A

The passing of traits from biological parents to their children.

38
Q

What are the two factors that influence genetics?

A

Hereditary and environmental.

39
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes are there?

A

23

40
Q

What is autosomal?

A

A chromosome that’s not a sex chromosome.

41
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

An organisms observable physical characteristic directly influenced by the genetic factor.

42
Q

What does recessive mean?

A

A phenotype that requires 2 copies of the causal variant in an individual to occur.

43
Q

What does dominant mean?

A

A phenotype that requires only one copy of the casual variant in an individual for the phenotype to occur.

44
Q

What are chromosomes made up of?

A

22 pairs of autosomes. 1 pair of allosomes (sex chromosomes).

45
Q

How many chromosomes in a sex cell?

A

23.

46
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Ability to maintain steady internal, physical and chemical environment despite change to outsides externally.

47
Q

What is the anatomical position?

A

Standard position in which the body is standing feet together, arms to the side, head, eyes and palms facing forward.

48
Q

What is caudal?

A

Situated towards or near the tail, posterior part of body.

49
Q

What is posterior?

A

Further back in position.

50
Q

What is anterior?

A

Near the front or frontal position. Further forwards.

51
Q

What is proximal?

A

Near centre of body or point of attachment.

52
Q

What is distal?

A

Situated away from centre of body or from point of attachment.

53
Q

What is medial?

A

A feature close to midline.

54
Q

What is lateral?

A

A feature further from the midline.

55
Q

What is the dorsal body cavity?

A

A continuous cavity on the dorsal side of the body, housing the upper central nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord.

56
Q

What is the vertebral cavity?

A

The posterior portion of the dorsal cavity housing the spinal cord, meninges of spinal cord and the fluid spaces between.

57
Q

What is the thoracic cavity?

A

Anterior ventral body cavity within rib cage and torso. Houses cardiovascular and respiratory systems like the heart and lungs.

58
Q

What is the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

Found beneath the thoracic cavity. Houses digestive and renal systems. Pelvic cavity houses bladder and reproductive systems.

59
Q

What are the right THREE abdominopelvic regions?

A

The right hypochondriac at the top, right lumbar in the centre and right iliac region at the bottom.

60
Q

What are the central THREE abdominopelvic regions?

A

Epigastric region upper central, umbilical region mid central and hypogastric region lower central.

61
Q

What are the left THREE abdominopelvic regions?

A

Left hypochondriac region upper left, left lumbar region mid left and left iliac region lower left.

62
Q

What organs are in the left upper quadrant of abdomen?

A

Left portion of the liver, large portion of stomach, the pancreas, left kidney, spleen, portions of the transverse and descending colon and parts of the small intestine.

63
Q

What organs are in the right upper abdominal quadrant?

A

Right portion of liver, gallbladder, right kidney, small portion of stomach, portions of ascending and transverse colon and parts of small intestine.

64
Q

What organs are in left lower quadrant of abdominal region?

A

Majority of small intestine, some large intestine, left female reproductive organs and left ureter.

65
Q

What organs are in right lower quadrant of abdomen?

A

Cecum, appendix, parts of small intestine, right female reproductive organs and right ureter.

nursing (15 decks)

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