Biology Flashcards
Functions and organs in the respiratory system
Lungs.It controls gas exchange between blood and lungs
Functions and a few organs in the digestive system.
Teeth, liver, pancreas stomach, large and small intestine, etc. It takes out food and absorbs nutrients from food , removes waste and maintains water balance
Functions and organs in the Excretory system
Kidney, bladder. It maintains the right levels of water and dissolved materials.
Functions and organs in the nervous system
Brain, nerves, etc. It responds to the environment by giving signals to the brain by nerve cells
Functions and organs in the circulatory system
Heart, catepiilaries, artilleries,etc.It carries oxygen and nutrients to your cells
Functions and organs in the reproductive system
Reproductive organs,sperm,egg.It allows having a new being
Functions and organs in the muscle system
Muscles. It ables you to move.
Functions and organs in the skeletal system
The skeletal system has bones and makes blood cells(in the bone marrow), protects your organs, and keeps you straight.
How are organ systems formed?
Cells group together to make tissues, tissues group together to make organs and organs make an organ system.
Functions of the endocrine system
it controls homeostasis(amount of hormones in the blood)by secretion(getting rid of) of hormones.
Use in the body and good sources of carbohydrate
It gives you energy. Good sources: cereals, potatoes, pasta, cornflour.
Use in the body and good sources of protein
Needed for growth& repair of the body, maintain and replace tissues. Good sources: meat, fish, milk, eggs, soya-bean, nuts, etc.
Use in the body and good sources of fat. What kind of fats there are.
Gives you concentrate source of energy&insulate your body in cold weather. One kind of fat is saturated fats which come from animal sources like butter and lard. The other kind is polyunsaturated fats that come from vegetable sources like sunflower oil. They are also called lipids.
Use in the body and good sources of minerals
Needed to function properly, stay strong and have healthy bones and teeth. Good sources: milk cheese eggs wholegrain cereals.
Use in the body and good sources of vitamins
Needed for growth & health in small amounts. Good sources: fruit, veg., dairy products.
Use in the body and good sources of fiber
Needed for a healthy digestive system. Good sources: fruit, veg., wholegrain.
Use in the body and good sources of water
Needed for cells and body fluids and to stay alive.
Metabollic rate
The speed at which chemical reactions take place in your body
Factors affecting metabolic rate
Age, gender, weight, exercise levels, proportion of muscles to fat, pregnancy, genes.
why is it important to have a balanced diet?
Because lack of nutrients cause disease
what is BMI and how to work it out
Body mass index measures the fat and muscle in the body.BMI=weight(kg)/(height)squared(M).
What BMI is for the following: underweight, normal, overweight, obese
<20underweight, 20-25normal, 25-30 overweight, > 30obese
What is anemia and its causes?
caused by the lack of iron, and it is difficult to carry oxygen around the body. Causes: Heavy period, pregnancy, cancer, blood disorders.
What is scurvy and its symptoms?
caused by the lack of vitamin C.Symptoms: bleeding in the gums, very yellow teeth(even if you brush them they will stay yellow), rough skin and problems in veins & catepillaries.
What is rickets?
Caused because of lack of calcium and vitamin D and malabsorption (don’t absorb the nutrient well) of vitamin D
What is night blindness?
In the retina, there are cones and rods. Rods detect light in shades of grey. Cones work together to provide colour. Any problem that interferes with the rods will cause night blindness. In days night blindness does not affect you but at night is close to blindness. It is also caused by lack of vitamin A
What is osteoporosis?
caused by the lack of Vitamin D.Leads to weakened bones causing them to break more easily.
What does the esophagus do?
Transports food into your stomach
What does the mouth do?
Chews up the food
What does the stomach do?
The stomach has gastric juice(hydrochloric acids and has digestive enzymes in it) and it breaks food down. Food, hydrochloric acid, and digestive enzymes together are called chyme. Hydrochloric acids also kill bacteria. At the end of the stomach, there is a muscle called pyloric sphincter which opens up to allow chyme entering the first intestine.
what is a duodenum and what does it do?
the first part of the small intestine. Breaks down the food further.
pancreas
makes lipase
liver
produces bile, protease
Gall bladder
stores bile
what is a jejunum
2nd part of the small intestine. In the inner part of the small intestine is covered with villi. Villies give a huge surface area to allow efficient absorption. In villies are the lymph capillary and blood capillary. Nutrients are absorbed into the blood capillaries and are sent to the liver for processing.fats absorbed by the lymph capillary and transported to the liver from the lymph duct or circulatory system.
what is ileum
3rd part of the small intestine. After absorption the partially digested and liquified food goes to the ileum , through it goes to the large intestine.
large intestine`
chlorium , sodium, and water go to the bloodstream.now the food is semi-solid.
Rectum and anus
rectum; 3rd part of the large intestine.it stores the semi-solid feces and through the anus it goes outside.
name of the enzyme for carbohydrates
carbohydrace
name of the enzyme for lipids
lipiase
name of the enzyme for proteins
protease
enzymes
break down food and it is a protein
are enzymes catalysts
yes
catalyst
a chemical that speeds up reactions but are not used up or changed
denatured
change the shape of an enzyme
Factors that cause enzymes to be denatured( change shape)
Temperature & PH
where is carbohydrace made
salivary glands
where is protease made
liver
where is lipase made
pancreas
Where does carbohydrace work
mouth
Where does amylase work
in mouth
Where does protease work
stomach
another name for carbohydrace
amylase
acid in the stomach
hydrochloric acid
why do we have acids in the stomach
to help us break down food and kill bacteria
what does ‘bile’ do
breaks down the food further especially proteins
what drug is in alcohol
ethanol
maximum number of alcohol an adult should drink
14 pints.1 pint= 10ml of alchol
what effects how people react to alcohol
gender, height and weight
three reasons most likely to happen to people who drink
stomach ulcers,holes in the stomach,heart disease and liver damage.
how a heavy drinker will affect its liver
Your liver breaks down harmful substances.it is really hard for the liver to break down large amounts of alcohol. Their liver becomes scarred meaning they take longer to break alcohol and other chemicals.this is called cirrhos and can result into death
should pregnant women drink alcohol? Why?
no, because it can lead to miscarriage, stillbirth( a baby dying in the woumb,premature birth,low -weight babies.it may damge the babies organs, difficulties learning, facial problems and immune systems.it also reduces the chances of a women getingpregnant and reduces the amount of a sperm a man makes.
two types of drug and why are they taken
medicinal drugs are used in medicine.recreational drugs are taken for enjoyment and relaxing and are harm for you
what is passive smoking and how can you be a victim of it?
is when you breathe in other people’s smoke, you then risk developing circulatory system & and respiratory conditions increase.
how does smoking in pregnancy affect the child?
greatly increases the risk of miscarriage.it also can increase the risk of low-birth babies and fetus development and their baby may face sudden-infant- death and respiratory illnesses.
which smoking-related disease has affected people the most?
lung disease
what does cigarette contain?
tobacco, which has 4000 harmful chemicals
three main things tobacco contains
tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide
where is tar found and its affects
in tobacco.it’s a sticky black material, which irritates and narrows the airways. Chemicals in it can cause cancer.
where is nicotine found and its affects
in tobacco.it’s an addictive drug that speeds up the reaction of the nervous system.IT is a stimulant, which makes the heart beat faster and narrows blood vessels.
where is carbon monoxide found and its affects
in tobacco.a poisonous gas that stops the blood carrying as much oxygen as they should and instead of oxygen it binds onto blood cells.
what does smoking do to your artilleries and what does it lead to?
it blocks them, which can cause a heart attack or stroke.
what does smoking do to your alveoli and what does it lead to?
their walls become weakened so they do not not inflate properly when you inhale something. They may also burst while coughing reducing the amount of oxygen that can pass to your blood, making the person breathless.this is called emphysema.
how does smoking affect the mucus and by affecting the mucus what happens?
mucus keep your airways clean by trapping dirt and organisms.Mucus also has cilia which gets the dirt and organisms to your stomach.chemicals in tobacco stop from the cilia from moving so it is harder to breathe and causes infection. Smokers cough the mucus up which can damage the lungs further.
what is meant by addiction
you get used to it.if you tried to stop it immeadetly it might have negative effects like headaches, anxiety and sweating.
premature birth
baby being born earlier
stillbirth
baby being born earlier
miscarriage
a baby dying in the womb
What is the preparation things you have to do to the food for the food test?
crush it with a pestle and mortar
add a few drops of distilled water and mix it well
put it in a boiling tube
What are the steps for test of starch?
Add a few drops of iodine solution to your sample of food.
if your food turns blue-black it is a starch
What are the steps for test of lipids?
add a few drops of ethanol to the food and shake it well.
filter the solution using filter paper into another boiling tube
pour a small amount of water to your solution.
if it turns cloudy it is a lipid
What are the steps for a test for sugar?
Add a few drops of benedict’s solution to the portion of the food.
put your boiling tube in the water bath and leave for five minutes
if it turns orange-red it has a lot of sugar and if it turns to gree it has a lit bit of sugar
What are the steps for a test for protein?
add a few drops of copper sulfate solution to your final sample and shake.
add a few drops of sodium hydroxide solution to your sample and shake.
if it turns purple your sample contains protein.
What nutrients would this food contain: tuna fish?
protein
What nutrients would this food contain: cheese
protein
minerals
fat
What nutrients would this food contain: bananas?
minerals
What nutrients would this food contain: pasta?
carbohydrates
