Biology

Question 1

Macromolecules

Answer 1

Carbohydrate, lipid, nucleic acid, protein, and enzymes

Question 2

Carbohydrates

Answer 2

Sugars and starches which body breaks down to glucose.

• Structural Function: cellulose and chitin
• Energy Storage: amylose,amylopectin,glycogen
• Recognition Molecules: glycoproteins & glycolipids

Question 3

Lipids

Answer 3

Fatty acids and their derivatives that are soluble in water

• H/C & main components
• Fats
• Hydrophobic-thus help separate aqueous compartments
• Store energy (fats, oils, adipose)

Question 4

Protein

Answer 4

Molecules composed of amino acids joined by peptide bonds.

• Monomer: amino acids (amino group+carboxylic acid) (20 types)
• Keratin/Collagen: (hydrophobic)not soluble in water, found in structural protein
• Global proteins are hydrophilic (hemoglobin, antibodies,enzymes)
• Function as transport carries or signal transfer

Question 5

Nucleic Acids

Answer 5

Long molecules made of nucleotides; DNA and RNA

• DNA stores genetic material
• Chromosomes
• RNA is a messenger (mRNA) also rRNA and tRNA

Question 6

Enzymes

Answer 6

Class of proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions

• Not consumed in reaction
• Speed up reaction by lowering activation energy
• Exergonic: release energy
• Endergonic: require energy
• Energy is supplied and released as ATP
• Lock & Key ( substrate must fit into enzymes active site)

Question 7

DNA and RNA

Answer 7

DNA: macromolecules that contains coded instructions for the body to produce proteins.

• Nucleotide: the building block of DNA & RNA
• Nitrogenous Base: adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine
• Purines: Adenine & Guanine
• Pyrimidines: Thymine & Cytosine
• Codon: A group of 3 nitrogenous bases used to synthesize amino acids (Synthesized from RNA during TRANSLATION)

Question 8

DNA and RNA continued

Answer 8

-Hydrogen bonds: connect a Purine to a Pyrimidine
(A-T) & (C-G)
Non-Covalent, weak
-RNA: Uracil replaces thymine
-double helix structure
-coded or read 5➡️3’
-sugar(pentose) phosphate backbone ( deoxyribose and phosphate group- bound to 4 oxygen atoms)

Question 9

DNA Replication

Answer 9

• DNA Helicase: Unzips and unwinds DNA strand
• DNA Primase: generates RNA primer. Acts as a template for starting point of DNA replication
• DNA polymerase: synthesize new DNA molecules by adding nucleotides to leading and lagging DNA strands in 5’ ➡️3’ direction

Question 10

DNA Replication continued

Answer 10

-Topoisomerase: Prevents supercoiling
- DNA Ligase: joins DNA fragments together by forming phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides
-Okazaki Fragments: sure, newly synthesized DNA fragments that are formed on the lagging strand
-Single strand binding proteins: stabilize structure during replication
-Leading strand: replicated continuously in the 3 to 5 direction
Lagging strand: Replicated discontinuously in short sections