Biology 1 Flashcards

Question

Cell **Communication**: * Describe **Endocrine**

Answer 1

**HORMONE SIGNALING** Hormones **made** & **secreted** by cells in **endocrine** gland, then * **Travel** in bloodstream * **Bind** to receptors either on: * cell **surface** * for **water**-soluble hormones * **inside** the cell * for **lipid** soluble hormones

Answer 2

* Refers to fact that DNA replication proceeds in **both** directions (5→3, 3→5) **simultaneously** * Starting from the origin

Answer 3

1. Law of **Segregation** 2. Law of I**ndependent Assortment**

Answer 4

* **pH of 5** _Functions:_ 1. **Digest** cell parts 2. **Fuse** with **phagocytotic** vesicles 3. participate in **apoptosis**

Answer 5

Metaphase is indicated by: * the **chromosomes lining up at the metaphase plate** and * **formation of the spindle apparatus**

Answer 6

**HETERO**zygote

Answer 7

_**First** growth phase_ * most active cells **LIVE** and **FUNCTION*** * while in this phase* * Cell **grows a ton** in **size** during G1!

Answer 8

**TETRADS PAIR UP** with one another and **exchange segments of DNA** _Occurs during **Prophase 1** of **Meiosis**_

Answer 9

**_NUCLEOLUS_:** Site of: 1. **rRNA** TRAN**SCRIPTION** 2. **Ribosome** assembly

Answer 10

* DNA polymerase **catches** and **repairs** most mismatched base pairs... ## Footnote **_RIGHT_ AS IT HAPPENS!**

Answer 11

**INTERPHASE**

Answer 12

* made in **SER** * metabolized in the **mitochondria**

Answer 13

**have an equal [] as the cell** * so there is **NO** net flow of water in **EITHER** direction

Answer 14

**DEOXYRIBOSE** nucleotides

Answer 15

Sexual is **hard** * but provides **BETTER** diversification Asexual is **easy** (in terms of energy) * but provides **NO** diversity

Answer 16

The **Leading** strand * only needs **ONE** primer The **Lagging** strand * needs **MULTIPLE** primers * one for each okazaki fragment

Answer 17

**_SPINDLE APPARATUS_** * is **array of MT's** that grow outward* * from centrioles during mitosis* * centrioles bind with centromeres * **induce division** of a tetrad * into **separate** chromosomes

Answer 18

1. **Heat** DNA * denatures helix 2. **Add** primers * using **Taq** polymerase 3. **Cool** mixture * this anneals (recombines) primers 4. **Heat** again Polymerase then **copies** DNA * making 2 **new** DNA helices * repeat many times over*

Answer 19

**_Nephron_**: is mostly in renal **CORTEX**, but dips down into the renal **MEDULLA** as well

Answer 20

1. **COAT** the individual strands 2. **PREVENT** them from re-annealing (unwinding)

Answer 21

**_ALL VIRUSES HAVE:_** * Some form of **NUCLEIC ACID** * RNA or DNA * but _never_ **BOTH** * Plus **PROTEINS**

Answer 22

**_NUCLEOTIDE EXCISION_** * Removal of an **oligonucleotide** * ...that **includes** **SEVERAL BASES** on* ***EITHER** side of the error! (look at pic)* * **DNA poly** & **ligase** repair the missing segment

Answer 23

* is a **segment of DNA** used to **transfer** a desired sequence into another cell * often, the vector is a **plasmid***

Answer 24

1. **Tight** Junctions 2. **Gap** junctions 3. **Adherens** junctions 4. **Des**mosomes

Answer 25

enzymes that scan newly copied DNA and locate, remove, and replace mismatched base pairs that DNA poly misses during proofreading

Answer 26

programmed cell death, courtesy of lysosomes

Answer 27

* Have their **OWN** DNA and variations to nuclear genetic code * Mitochondrial genes are passed down through **MATERNAL LINE ONLY**

Answer 28

is the molecule that bridges gap b/t mature mRNA and assembled protein

Answer 29

when exposed to radiation, neighboring pyrimidines (C or T) react with e/o to form a covalent dimerex: carcinogens are cpds that bind to DNA and create bulky side groups

Answer 30

***Is a scaffolding-like network of microfilaments, microtubules, and IMF's*** * gives **structure** to cell * creates a "**highway**" * ...for intracellular **transport**

Answer 31

DNA reacts in solutions w/o external stimulus or chemicals ex: amine groups on DNA bases can react with water to form a carbonyl; via hydrolysis the entire DNA base can be replaced with an OH group

Answer 32

3' OH group

Answer 33

form of symbiosis in which one participant benefits and the other's experience is neutral (not good, not bad. It's whatevs)

Answer 34

AnimaliaChordataMammaliaPrimatesHominidaeHomo Sapiens

Answer 35

-RNA has a 2' OH group, DNA does not-RNA is single stranded, DNA is double stranded-RNA has uracil bases, DNA has thymine basesRNA exits nucleus into the cytoplasm, DNA always stays in nucleus

Answer 36

Capsule, peptidoglycan cell wall, plasma membrane, no complex-bound organelles, single circular DNA chromosome, tiny circular DNA molecules called plasmids

Answer 37

can capture their own energy directly from the sun via photosynthesis

Answer 38

specialized group of proteins to which spindle fibers attach during mitosis/meiosisoften, kinetochore is used synonymously with "centromere"

Answer 39

when a molecule has both polar and non polar regions (like a lipid bilayer)

Answer 40

two related, but non-identical chromosomes--one originating from EACH parent

Answer 41

On phospholipid membrane, there are two opposite facing leaflets with polar tails of the phospholipids directed towards center of bi-layer & polar heads sticking outward-creates both a cytosolic & extracellular face

Answer 42

Means stable, not changing, & unlikely to changeex: G0 phase of cell cycle

Answer 43

reactants: glucose & oxygenproducts: CO2, water, ATP

Answer 44

Reacs: Glucose, electron acceptor (anything BUT oxygen)Products: CO2, whatever "thing" (which gets reduced), and ATP

Answer 45

2 strands of DNA in a duplicated chromosome attached by a centromerethey are identical only if crossing over has NOT occured

Answer 46

takes a father's and mother's chromosomes & swaps segments of them, thus creating new combinations of alleles on chromosomes

Answer 47

Binary fission

Answer 48

Mitosis: very complex. Barring any errors, mitosis delivers an exact and equal amount of DNA to each new daughter cellBinary fission: circular DNA is copied and attached to the membrane. Cell splits, pulling the 2 copies apart and each new daughter cell gets one copy of the chromosome

Answer 49

rodsphericalspiral

Answer 50

* a **globular** protein that **polymerizes** to form **MICROTUBULES**

Answer 51

complete oxidation of respiratory materialproduces 38 ATP per glucose

Answer 52

is the location on the chromosome where replication begins

Answer 53

DNA polymerase

Answer 54

1) Large population2) no mutation3) no immigration or emigration4) random mating5) no natural selection

Answer 55

allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of evolutionary forces

Answer 56

region of the chromosome that joins the sister chromatids

Answer 57

the base portion ONLY is removed, first via a DNA glycosylase.other enzymes remove sugar-phosphate backbone, then DNA poly and ligase repair the NT

Answer 58

when chromosomes fail to separate properly during anaphaseresults in uneven # chromosomes--either monosomy (missing chromo) or trisomy (extra chromo) ex of trisomy: Down's

Answer 59

1) Spontaneous hydrolysis2) Damage by external chemicals or radiation3) mismatched Base pairs

Answer 60

an enzyme that adds length to the telomeres

Answer 61

extrachromosomal DNA (plasmids)There's no system for segregating this DNA, so each daughter cell may or may not get certain plasmids based solely on random chance

Answer 62

occurs during prophase of meiosis I

Answer 63

prophase of meiosis I

Answer 64

Adds rigidity and fluidity to the membrane

Answer 65

Several proteins that polymerize to form **filaments** that are: * **INTERMEDIATE** in diameter b/t: * micro**filaments** (smallest) * micro**tubules** (largest)

Answer 66

-cAMP-PKA phosphorylates proteins, usually enzymesBOOM! Cascades

Answer 67

prokaryotes

Answer 68

-b/c fully-differentiated neurons & cardiac muscle cells are frozen in G0 and do not divide-Multi-nucleated skeletal muscle cells are also in G0

Answer 69

it unzips the double-helix

Answer 70

uncontrolled cell division due to failure of cell's normal regulatory patterns

Answer 71

1) embryology- often two organisms have similarities that are only present during embryological development 2) Phylogeny- a shared evolutionary history can reveal similarities3) Anatomy4) DNA sequencing 5) Fossils- can reveal traits that were once shared but have since been lost

Answer 72

male=Xfemale=Y(draw a punnett square)

Answer 73

1) proofreading2) mismatch repair system3) base excision4) NT excision

Answer 74

here, chromosomes separate and migrate towards the opposite ends of the cell

Answer 75

1) Endocrine2) Paracrine3) Autocrine4) Intracrine5) Juxtacrine6) Nervous System

Answer 76

**protrusions** found in: * the **lumen**-**facing** side of **EPITHELIAL** cells lining various cavities in the body

Answer 77

-long sections of repetitive DNA NT's found at both ends of each chromosome-provide a buffer regions of non-coding DNA so that the repetitive losses in length don't impact the gene sequence

Answer 78

FA is a long chain carboxylic acid * one of the OH groups on the **glycerol** attacks the **carbonyl carbon** * **kicking off** a H₂0 molecule * & forming a new **ester** group

Answer 79

used to verify post-translational modification-probes bind to lipids, carbohydrates, or phosphates (the 3 most common post translational modifications)

Answer 80

includes skeletal, smooth or cardiac muscles found anywhere in the body

Answer 81

binds both GTP and GDP

Answer 82

here, nuclear membranes begin to re-form and chromosomes unwind

Answer 83

**Eukaryotic**: * *whipping* motion * microtubules * made of **tubulin** **Prokaryotic**: * *spinning/rotating* motion * simple helices * made of **flagellin**

Answer 84

-fungi spend the majority of their life as a haploid (have a single set of unpaired chromosomes)-fungi grow via long, intertwining branches called hyphae (which are haploid)-Yeasts reproduce almost exclusively by budding-Most fungi can reproduce both sexually (what life is hard...stress, little food, etc) or asexually (when life is good)

Answer 85

1) epithelial2) nervous3) connective4) muscle

Answer 86

refers to fact that one strand (leading strand) is synthesized continuously, which the other strand (lagging) is synthesized in okazaki frags (is discontinuous)

Answer 87

RNA has a short half-life, so gene products will only continue to be expressed if DNA is continually transcribed

Answer 88

prophase of mitosis

Answer 89

-binds both GTP and GDP-activates cAMP (which converts ATP to ADP + 2Pi)

Answer 90

non-specificreceptor mediated

Answer 91

mushrooms, yeasts, and molds

Answer 92

by **budding off** from the Golgi

Answer 93

23 homologous chromosomes, or 46 total chromosomescreates 2 cells, each with 23 non-paired, non-homologous chromosomes

Answer 94

* Starts in **RER** * continues on to **Golgi** ex: disulfide bonds, glycosylation

Answer 95

Regulates **EXPRESSION** and **TRANSLATION** of **LACTASE** in bacteria (E. coli) * Lactase is the enzyme that **digests lactose** _Remember_: * Bacteria do much more **anaerobic** respiration (**fermentation⇒lactose**) * so they will have a **MUCH** larger problem if lactose starts building up than if it were to happen in humans

Answer 96

mitosis happens during this phase

Answer 97

alleles segregate independently of one another when forming gametes

Answer 98

**_CENTROSOME_:** * Is an **amorphous** area of proteins which contain **CENTRIOLES** * Organizes: * microtubules * flagella * cilia * Plays a role in **APOPTOSIS** (cell death)

Answer 99

capable of fixing CO2, and can therefore use CO2 as their carbon source for synthesizing organic molecules

Answer 100

* part of cytoskeleton * also forms the **"thin filament"** portion of **sarcomere**

Answer 101

more concentrated than the cell, driving water to LEAVE the cellSHRINKS!

Answer 102

symbiosis where one participant benefits at the expense of the other (other participant IS harmed!)

Answer 103

tunnels b/t adjacent cells, which allow exchange

Answer 104

is the specific base sequence recognized by the endonuclease

Answer 105

b/t fungi and algae

Answer 106

glycolysiskrebs cycleETC (same as in aerobic respiration)

Answer 107

-Beta & gamma subunits re-bind with alpha subunit, deactivating it

Answer 108

STRONGEST of cellular junctions-they weld cells together, protecting against stress-are NOT watertight (only tight junctions are)

Answer 109

form the linings of the outside of the body, as well as various cavities INside the body. if it is lining a cavity or separating the body from the external environment, consider it to be epithelial tissue

Answer 110

chromosome number doesnt changetwice as much DNA per chromosome

Answer 111

here, chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate and form the spindle apparatus

Answer 112

-duplications (non-disjunction)-deletions (non-disjunction)-translocations-inversions

Answer 113

-an ampiphatic molecule with a steroid region and a polar region-inserted in b/t phospholipids in high []s in euk. cells

Answer 114

enzymes that cut DNA at specific pre-determined sequences

Answer 115

any change in the DNA sequence

Answer 116

*Cilia are **NOT** used for locomotion **of the cell itself*** * Cell is **fixed** in place * Cilia creates a **beating** pattern * that moves fluid and **other** things **PAST** the cell

Answer 117

GA= purines (General Authorities are pure)CT= pyrimidines

Answer 118

***LINKAGE!***

Answer 119

**REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE** * Found in **Retroviruses** * Translates its **RNA** nucleotide sequence into **DNA** * ****because RNA **wasnt able** to be inserted into the host's genome **RNA⇒DNA** **_VIOLATES THE CENTRAL DOGMA OF MMBio:_** The "central dogma" of molecular biology describes the **flow** of genetic information in cells from: **DNA⇒RNA⇒protein** * It states that **genes** specify the sequence of **mRNA** molecules * which in turn specify the sequence of **proteins**

Answer 120

Communication b/t cells via electrical potentials carried on neurons\*these often involve cascades, too. Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on post-synaptic membrane, which initiates a signal

Answer 121

-type of endocytosis-refers to invagination of very large particles, bacteria, etc-only happens in a few types of cells

Answer 122

all fungi are heterotrophs. Most are saprophytic (live off dead, decaying matter), but a few are parasitic (live off live host, killing it), or mutualistic (symbiotic relationship)

Answer 123

means to join together to form a single strand

Answer 124

If EITHER event occurring fulfills the requirement, add the probabilities of each event occurring individually

Answer 125

neurons of central & peripheral nervous systems

Answer 126

**SHORTER** * b/c DNA polymerases need an existing **3' OH** group ***to add their first NT to*** * they **can't replace** that section of **primer**

Answer 127

* general term for **"DNA+protein"** **CHROMOSOMES** are made of chromatin DNA+Histones

Answer 128

entire period OUTSIDE of mitosis

Answer 129

-period during which viral genes are actively being transcribed and new viruses are being assembled. -During this phase, infected cells BURST!! to release large #'s of new viruses

Answer 130

GDP--offGTP--on

Answer 131

Not by itself, but when it assembles into a ribosome it can

Answer 132

* _The 3 places **cilia** are_ 1. lungs 2. ependymal cells 3. uterine cells * In the **flagella** of sperm * In **ALL** cells * as part of the **cytoskeleton** & **spindle apparatus**

Answer 133

**Flagella**: * whip-like projections from the cell body * used for **locomotion** * Human **sperm cells** are the only cells that have flagella

Answer 134

1)during meiosis2) after fusion of gametes in the production of a zygote

Answer 135

**α** **β** **γ**

Answer 136

-Draw out 2 punnett squares (one for each trait) -To calc probability of 2 traits in the same individual, multiply the individual probabilities of each trait

Answer 137

(ribosomal RNA)is the polymer of which ribosomes are constructed

Answer 138

_Regulatory molecules can either:_ 1) **UPregulate** DNA transcription * ex: **lactose** in the lac operon 2) **DOWNregulate** transcription * ex: **glucose** in lac operon

Answer 139

efficiently package the SUPER LONG DNA strands, so they can easily be stored b/t divisions and moved during division

Answer 140

* one of 3 parts of cytoskeleton of cell * Made up of **13 protofilaments** * ****which are made when **ß** and **α-tubulin** form a **heterodimer**

Answer 141

-cells that enter this phase become non proliferative-basically, there arent actively dividing (and may not in the future)-Many full-differentiated Eukaryotic NEURONS remain in this phase indefinitely

Answer 142

metaphase of meiosis I

Answer 143

where a cell takes up small particles by lumping into the plasma membrane, forming a vesicle called an endosome

Answer 144

-water-soluble hormones or signaling molecules bind to mem receptors on external surface of plasma membrane-this binding rarely stimulates immediate response from cell--more often it initiates a cascade that increases size of signal, which eventually stimulates cellular response

Answer 145

All of the genes on one chromosome would always demonstrate linkageLOSS OF GENETIC VARIATION! WHICH IS BAD!

Answer 146

1) triphosphate2) sugar3) base (one of four: ATCG)

Answer 147

for RNA sequences

Answer 148

Pro: have no nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles, they have circular DNA, no histones or chromosome struc, and 70S(50S & 30S) ribosomesEuk: have a nucleus, mem-bound organelles, linear DNA with histones \* chromosome struc, and 80S(60S and 40S) ribosomes

Answer 149

* lipid molecules with a **non-polar tail*** * and a **polar phosphate head*** * Make up a **bilayer** of a cell membrane

Answer 150

1) rate of transcription2) Activators and repressors3) permanent or semi-permanent suppression

Answer 151

All of his daughters (XX) will be carriers

Answer 152

T via 2 hydrogen bonds

Answer 153

**HOMO**zygous **RECESSIVE**

Answer 154

G-proteins!

Answer 155

Gram Positive: -stain purple-very thick cell wall-form endosomes-Single cell membrane

Answer 156

1. **Respiratory** system * lungs 2. **Nervous** system * ependymal cells 3. **Reproductive** system * uterine tubes

Answer 157

* **Organize** proteins * **Continue** post-translational modification * _**Excrete** proteins in vesicles bound for:_ * Plasma membrane * organelles, or * **BACK** to the ER (retrograde transport)

Answer 158

1) simple diffusion: no ATP req'd2) facilitated diffusion: No ATP req'd (ex: osmosis)3) active transport: ATP req'd4) Secondary active transport: no DIRECT coupling of ATP req'd

Answer 159

Prokaryotes

Answer 160

Anaphase is indicated by: * **separation of the chromosomes** and * **migration** toward the **opposite poles** of the cell

Answer 161

**Integral proteins** that span **entire** width of bi-laye _Create **tunnels** for the passage of:_ * ions * proteins, or * other substances ...**through** the **hydrophobic core**

Answer 162

meiosis I: tetrads line up IN PAIRS at the metaphase platemitosis: tetrads line up SINGLE-FILE at metaphase plate

Answer 163

1 **GLYCEROL** **+** **2 FA's** **+** **1 PO₄^2-**

Answer 164

signaling req's direct contact b/t two cells

Answer 165

be VERY close to e/o on the chromosome to NOT assort independently (aka linkage...which is bad)

Answer 166

aerobic uses oxygenanaerobic doesnt use oxygen--DOES use an ETC, but doesnt use O2 as the e' acceptors

Answer 167

bone, cartilage, blood, lymphatic tissue, fat, etc. basically, if a cell is obviously not epithelial, nervous, or muscle, it's probably connective

Answer 168

Site of lipid **synthesis**/**modification** (but NOT the site of lipid **metabolism**!)

Answer 169

b/t fungi and plant roots

Answer 170

* Bacterial colonies grow **EXPONENTIALLY** * **doubling** each generation _**HOWEVER**, there is a **LIMIT** to colony size!_ * This is because: * Food and resources **decrease,** and * Waste **accumulates**

Answer 171

non-polar region of CHO interacts with hydrophobic tails of lipids, holding them in place and this adding RIGIDITY

Answer 172

when a hormone or signal molecule binds to the GPCR

Answer 173

DNA replicated here

Answer 174

genes located on different chromosomes assort independently

Answer 175

capillary bed that strains the blood-allows fluids, ions, & molecules around the size of GLUCOSE (or smaller) to pass through Bowman's capsule-anything bigger will remain in the capillaries and exit via the efferent arteriole, which eventually empties into the renal vein

Answer 176

are ***water-proof barriers***

Answer 177

Free-floating **RIBOSOMES** in the **cytosol**

Answer 178

n for humans, n=23

Answer 179

**LESS** concentrated than the cell * driving water to **ENTER** the cell * it might **BURST**! ***water⇒cell***

Answer 180

verify presence of DNA sequencesalso indicates relative size of restriction fragments

Answer 181

active transport

Answer 182

intermembrane space has **higher hydrogen ion [H+]** concentration, so it is **more** acidic * adding H+ channels would give H+ ions an **ALTERNATE** pathway back into the matrix **OTHER** than going **solely** via the ATP synthase * as a consequence, ATP production would **decrease**

Answer 183

At **LOWER** temps: * Non-polar **tails** of lipids could **interact** and cause **crystallization** * *WHICH IS BAD* * The rigid **steroid portion** of CHO **disrupts** VDW forces between lipid tails tails * which maintains (just enough) FLUIDITY

Answer 184

p & q refer to % of each ALLELE present as a fraction of all the alleles in the population-p^2 represents fraction of INDIVIDUALS who have homozygous dominant genotype (TT)-q^2 represents faction of individuals with the heterozygous genotype (tt) \*\*\*in short: p and q represent fractions of p and q ALLELES in the population\*\*\*q^2, 2pq, and q^2 represent fractions of INDIVIDUALS with each possible genotype

Answer 185

Desmosomesfound in tissues that receive high amounts of shear stress, like the epidermis

Answer 186

removes all RNA primers

Answer 187

G via 3 hydrogen bonds

Answer 188

refers to fact that each of newly formed daughter helices is made up of one OLD strand plus one NEW strand

Answer 189

viruses that infect bacteria-have a capsid head, tail, tail fibers, etc.(typical virus looking thingy!)

Answer 190

Phosphorylation!

Answer 191

Draw a punnett square

Answer 192

in the nucleusbecause steroids can diffuse through the hydrophobic membrane core (dont need a transport protein)

Answer 193

an ATP-requiring enzyme!!!

Answer 194

**Meiosis I:** * Tetrads are visible **paired up** with e/o as nuclear membrane **dissolves** **Mitosis:** * Chromosomes **ARE** condensed, but **ARENT** **paired**

Answer 195

-is an inactive portion of a virus delivered to a person so their immune system can develop antibodies against the virus, without actually being infected by it-they become less effective b/c of SUPER FAST viral mutations!

Answer 196

A via 2 hydrogen bonds

Answer 197

-section of nephron b/t bowman's capsule & descending limb of the loop of henle-along PCT Na+ is reabsorbed via active transport & glucose is reabsorbed via secondary active transport-since water and solutes are reabsorbed in the same ratio, the filtrate remains ISOTONIC

Answer 198

comes after S. -cell continues to grow & has high metabolic activity (esp. production of microtubules in preparation for mitosis)

Answer 199

DomainKingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies

Answer 200

assume the other parent is NOT affected, thus NOT a carrier of whatever

Answer 201

**MOTOR PROTEIN** **NOT** a microfilament!!

Answer 202

**Euk**aryotic: ## Footnote **Cilia & flagella**

Answer 203

signal molecules secreted by a cell bind to receptors ON THAT SAME CELL

Answer 204

organisms classified as different species should not be able to mate with one another and produce viable, fertile offspring

Answer 205

* **NINE** doublets (**2** microtubules each) surrounding a **CENTER** doublet (**2** microtubules) in a **wheel-like** design ***Total of 20 microtubules** (18+2)* * **Each** of **these** microtubules are made up of **13** protofilaments

Answer 206

1. ER 2. Golgi 3. Lysosomes 4. Endosomes 5. Plasma Membrane 6. Extracellular secretion ## Footnote ***made in: RER***

Answer 207

extreme heatradiationviral infectionDNA damage, etcCan also remove healthy, but unwanted cells

Answer 208

* is for **PROTEIN** segments * **instead** of NT segments * **Radioactive antibodies** are used as probes * instead of NT sequences being used as probes

Answer 209

-stain pink-relatively thin cell wall-do NOT form endosomes-contain 2 cell membranes: one inside the cell wall and one outside the cell wall

Answer 210

vesicle on inside of membrane fuses with plasma membrane & dumps its contents into extracellular space

Answer 211

* Formed from **microfilaments** ## Footnote *Thin filaments act as a **TRACK** along which **THICK** **FILAMENTS** move during contraction*

Answer 212

**NERVOUS** tissue EPENDYMAL cells contain **CILIA!**

Answer 213

-If # of individuals with a specific genotype or phenotype is asked for, multiply the total probability of having BOTH traits by the total number of offspring

Answer 214

4 genetically distinct HAPLOID daughter cellsCentromeres do NOT split during meiosis I, but do during meiosis II

Answer 215

1) An individual **MUST** have a polymorphism that provides an evolutionary fitness **advantage** 2) This advantage **MUST** result in the individual with the favored polymorphism ***...differentially** **producing MORE offspring!*** * ****its good to be different! * Give a species resistance against illness & stuff

Answer 216

signal molecules secreted by one cell bind to receptors on other cells in the local area. ex: neurotransmitters acting in the synaptic gap

Answer 217

lab technique used to separate molecules by size

Answer 218

Methylation or other covalent modification that prevents or dramatically DECREASES transcription

Answer 219

* Made up of **MYOSIN** (**motor proteins)** * move along **thin filaments** * during **contraction**

Answer 220

-is the dormant cycle of the virus during which time viral DNA is incorporated into the host's genome, but new viruses are not being assembled. ex: HIV infection without having AIDS symptoms

Answer 221

oxidize organic or inorganic cpds to harvest energy

Answer 222

nuclear membrane dissolves and chromosomes condense

Answer 223

Homozygous dominant

Answer 224

Cytoplasm & mitochondria

Answer 225

NOPE! Most dont, actually.

Answer 226

the normal or typical phenotype

Answer 227

2 genetically IDENTICAL diploid daughter cells, which are genetically IDENTICAL to the mother cell that produced them\*The centromeres split\*

Answer 228

proteins around which DNA helix is wrapped when condensed into chromosomes

Answer 229

3' to 5' builds new strands in 5' to 3' direction

Answer 230

any protein that **specifically** binds to a **signaling molecule** (ligand) * ...and **initiates a cellular response**

Answer 231

bi-directionalsemi-conservativesemi-discontinuous

Answer 232

C via 3 hydrogen bonds

Answer 233

(which is an RNA polymerase)constructs short RNA primers on both strands

Answer 234

form of symbiosis where both parties benefit equally

Answer 235

set of 8 histone proteins in a cube shape with DNA coiled around it.

Answer 236

**actin subunits**

Answer 237

if both events occur simultaneously, multiply probabilities of each event occurring individually

Answer 238

Telomerase & ribosomes have bits of attached RNAATP has NT's too

Answer 239

* Proteins **on** a cell membrane that **DONT** **enter into hydrophobic core*** * contained entirely on **polar** surface of membrane

Answer 240

* Since Glucose **IS** present, you'll have **low cAMP*** * cAMP **unable** to bind & activate CAP, which is **unable** to help RNA Poly bind to the **Promoter** region* Since RNA Poly is **LESS LIKELY** to bind to promoter region: * you'll have **VERY LITTLE** *lac* mRNA synthesized

Answer 241

* Since glucose is **SCARCE**,* * cAMP **IS** able to bind to CAP* * This enables RNA Poly to **easily bind** to the **PROMOTER** region **=HIGH LEVELS of *lac*-mRNA synthesis**

Answer 242

**MEIOSIS I** * Takes a cell with **23** pairs of homologous chromosomes, or **46** total chromosomes * and creates **two** cells * each with **23** non-**paired**, non-**homologous** chromosomes

Answer 243

***DECREASE!*** **1 \>\>\> 23** *Chromosome **ONE** is **BY FAR** the **LARGEST** chromosome! (Always!)*

Answer 244

* Chromosomes are **NEVER**"duplicated"* * in number during cell division* _They are “**REPLICATED**”_ * meaning **each** single chromosome gains an **identical** sister chromatid * ...but **only** the amount of **DNA** has **INCREASED*** * ...the # of chromosomes has **NOT!!!*** * **Before** DNA replication each cell will have **46** chromosomes * Afterward each cell will **still** have **ONLY** **46** chromosomes

Answer 245

**D** ## Footnote _Statement I is true_ * Chromosomes contain many **histones** * ****which are a type of **protein** _Statement II is false_ * During most of the cell cycle the chromosomes are **unwound** * Not until **prophase** do the chromosomes condense _Statement III is also true_ * A nucleosome is a **set of four histones** wound together _Statement IV is true_ * You may be tempted here to think that we only have 23 pairs of non-identical chromosomes because of the existence of homologues * That would be true **IF** homologues were **identical** * However, homologues are definitely non-identical because they contain a random assortment of alleles

Answer 246

***HISTONES!***

Answer 247

* During most of the cell cycle,* * chromosomes are **UNWOUND*** Not until **PROPHASE** do the chromosomes **CONDENSE**

Answer 248

a nucleosome is a set of four histones wound together * Found in **CHROMOSOMES!** *_REMEMBER_:* * Chromosomes package **DNA*** * Where there's **DNA**, there **Histones**, & where there's Histones there's **Nucleosomes***

Answer 249

**C** ## Footnote Uptake of glucose at both the gut and the kidney is accomplished via a **secondary** active transport system-- Meaning that a “secondary” molecule is **actually** the one **actively** transported * in order to get the molecule of interest **into** or **out of** the cell In this case, sodium is transported **against** its gradient * where it **pairs** **with glucose** * and brings it **back** into the cell * back **down** sodium’s gradient The flow of K+ ions thru a potassium channel in the neuron does **NOT** involve ATP, * and is thus **REGULAR** diffusion * However, because it goes **thru** a **CHANNEL PROTEIN**, it is considered “**facilitated** **diffusion**”*

Answer 250

**B** ## Footnote _The ER, between the smooth and rough sections, is responsible for:_ * **Detoxifying** chemicals * **producing** lipids * **synthesizing** extracellular proteins * **modifying** translated proteins * and various other functions *The key here is that lipids are* ***MADE** at the smooth ER...* ...but are **METABOLIZED** in the **MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX!!!** Thus B is a false statement and is the correct answer

Answer 251

Desmosomes are found in tissues that receive a lot of **PRESSURE** and **IMPACT** * such as **epithelial** **cells**

Answer 252

**_Substrate-level phosphorylation_** is a type of metabolic reaction that results in the formation of ATP or GTP by: * the **DIRECT** **TRANSFER** of a **PHOSPHORYL GROUP**(PO₃) * ....to ADP or GDP * from a phosphorylated reactive **intermediate** * This happens in the KREBS CYCLE!* * GDP is phosphorylated into GTP*

Answer 253

Introns are removed from **pre-mRNA** | (**NOT** replicated DNA!)

Answer 254

**C** 5’ATTCG3’ 3’GCUUA5’ * To answer this correctly, you must differentiate **“coding strand”** from **“template strand.”** The template strand is the one **copied** The coding strand is the other strand * the **complement** to the template strand * which is **NOT** copied As a result, the: * new **DNA** strand OR * the new **pre-mRNA** strand * will be an **EXACT COPY** of the **coding** strand* * (EXCEPT, in the case of pre-mRNA, T will be replaced with U)* * The next skill you need is to keep careful track of the 3’ and 5’ ends * Normally, we need the strands to run in **opposite** directions * (so if the template strand was listed 5’ to 3’ the new strand would consist of the matching base pairs running 3’ to 5’) ***However**, note that here you are **NOT** given the **template** strand, but the **coding** strand* Thus, the **coding** strand and the **new pre-mRNA** strand will both run the **same** direction and will be **identical** * except for replacing T with U

Answer 255

Genes can **ONLY** produce **PROTEINS!** ## Footnote DON’T FORGET THIS! * You **cannot** have a gene transcribed and then translated into a **carbohydrate**, a **fat**, or anything else

Answer 256

**DEPHOSPHORYLATING** **PROTEIN Z** * Stopping the final step in the chain * In this case, it will **not** matter what **previous** molecules are still present *If you were to remove all of Hormone Q, for example, you'd still have to **wait** for whatever was there right **BEFORE** removing it to **make its way through the cascade***

Answer 257

**LYSOGENIC=DORMANT** * It is **inevitable** that at some future time, usually during a time of **stress**, the virus **WILL** become “lytic” * and commandeer the host’s machinery to actively produce **virions**

Answer 258

* They have cell walls containing **CHITIN** * They are **HAPLOID** during most of their life cycle * They **DIGEST** food before **INGEST**ing it * They are capable of both **SEXUAL** and **ASEXUAL** reproduction

Answer 259

1. Where **DNA** is 2. DNA **cannot** leave nuleus 3. Is by a dual **bi-layer membrane** 1. **one** bi layer is continuous with **ER** 4. contains **nuclear pores**

Answer 260

mitochondria

Answer 261

During prophase: * the **nuclear membrane dissolves** * the **chromosomes condense**

Answer 262

***p²+2pq+q²=1*** ***p+q=1***

Answer 263

Organ systems\>Organs\>Tissues\>Cells

Answer 264

**lower pH** than matrix intermembrane space is more **acidic**