Biological Theory Flashcards
what is biological psychology?
Psychology is about people and includes aspects of how the brain works as well as how social and environmental influences affect our behaviour.
The biological approach looks at CHEMICAL
ACTIVITY in the BRAIN, including how NEUROTRANSMITTERS ACT AT SYNAPSE to enable messages to be transmitted. Messages are also transmitted throuch HORMONES which determines what gender we are likely to be. The biological approach links to our evolutionary perspective and the inheritance of GENES and their influence on who we become.
what are the biological key assumptions and ideas for neurotransmitter functioning?
The major biological influence on our behaviour and emotions is our nervous system (consisting of the brain, spinal cord and body nerves). It is made up of special cells called neurons, specialised for communication within the body. Messages are electrical within neurones but chemical between them.
The nervous system receives external information and triggers behaviours.
The brain controls many
different functions and has specialised areas for many of these eg, memory, vision and the control of sleep. The nervous system interacts with other parts of the body and controls them, eg stimulating the release of hormones from glands.
what is hormonal transmission?
Another way that messages are passed is through hormones. These send messages more slowly than neurotransmitters and are used for different purposes.
Hormones have a large part to play in our
development of being male and female eg, androgens are “male” hormones and ostrogen is “female”.
what are genetic influences?
We inherit 50% of our genes from our genetic make-up from our mother and 50% from our father.
These genes are important in determining our individual characteristics such as personality, abilities and behaviour. The effects of genes can be seen in physical abilities such as being able and unable
This is IMPORTANT because although single genes can control individual
characteristics (such as being able to roll your tongue), this is unusual for psychological variables.
In general psychological variables are the product of a combination of genes or the interaction between genes and the environment (NATUR AND NURTURE). Understanding the relative influence of genes and the environment can help us to identify the potential influence on mental health eg, in schizophrenia.
The genes tendencies that we INHERIT seem to have PASSED down to us through the mechanism of
“survival of the fittest”. Darwin proposed that all forms of life have evolved to suit their ECOLOGICAL NICHE. This means that the ENVIRONMENT - the habitat, climate, food available etc. decides which animals survives and therefore reproduces.
do geres that are passed on should help
those to survive. If it were not for understanding these mechanisms of survival of the most suited to the particular environment, then we would probably not study non-human animals, when looking for
unaciolanaine or numans
describe what the brain is and how it functions?
The brain has many parts, for example the limbic system is linked to aggression and the medial temporal lobe and lateral cortex are thought to be where short-term memory occurs, and when it moves memory into long-term memory.
There are four lobes in the brain, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, the occipital lobe and prefrontal lobe.
Raine et al (1997) considered all four lobes when they looked for differences in the brain structure between 41 people pleading not guilty by reason of insanity to murder and 41 controls (key study later). Schmolck et al (2002) studied people with brain damage and how such damage might link to their memory problems, looking at the medial temporal lobe.
Damage to the prefrontal lobe has been
linked to aggression. For example, Phineas Gage, after an unfortunate accident, suffered damage to the prefrontal lobe, which seemed to affect his treatment.
what is lateralisation?
The brain is in two halves, called hemispheres - LATERALISATION. Some structures are the same across two hemispheres, such as the lobes, so these are BILATERAL.
Therefore, “BILATERAL”
means two sides and “UNILATERAL” means one side.
give the structure and function of the spinal cord?
structure: column of nerves between the brain and peripheral nervous system which connects the brain and brain stem and runs through the spinal canal inside the vertebrates - tube like
function: to carry info from various parts of the body to and from the brain, linking to the pns. A second function is that it is responsible for the reflect actions such as pulling your hand away from a hot plate.
what are the 3 parts of the cns?
spinal cord, brain stem, the brain
what are the nervous systems functions?
- collects processes and response to info. in the environment
- it coordinates the working of different organs and cells in the body
so info. comes from the external environment which the nervous system receives and coordinates from within the body to produce a response.
this is done through the nerve tissues which control the activities of the mind and body, the brain interprets the info and is a communication system.
structure and function of the brain stem:
structure: connects the brain to the spinal cord. The brain stems structure is made up of the midbrain, pons, medulla.
Function: is to control messages from the brain to body, controls breathing, swallowing, heart rate etc
structure and function of the brain:
structure: two near symmetrical hemispheres which are connected by “corpus callosum”. The outer layer of the brain the “cerebral cortex” is hihgly developed in humans which distinguishes human mental thinking/functioning to animals - 3mm think covers inner area of the brain
So cortex is outer and subcortical is below the cortex.
function:
to control contralateral in which the left hemisphere controls activity on the right side of the body and the right hemisphere control the left side movement.
it also the source of conscious awareness and decision making - it controls many of the brain functions including sensation, thought, movement, awareness and memory.
describe lateralisation and localisation:
lateralisation:
2 halves of brain are functionally diff. and each hemisphere has functional specialisations for e.g. the left is dominant of lang. and the right excels in visual motor skills.
localisation:
involves the idea that certain functions e.g. memory, language etc have certain localisations and or areas of the brain. So, a particular function or process taking place in an area of the brain e.g. visual, auditory etc
historical overview of the brain and cns:
Historical overview: there’s evidence that early humans understood some basic qualities of the brain. Fossil evidence shows trepanning was used in connection with migraines & epilepsy - humans had knowledge of brain functioning 10 000 years ago. Hippocrates, a Greek physician (father of medicine) was familiar with brain injuries and put forward the idea that each side, or hemisphere, of the brain served a distinct function. However, there was little development in our understanding of the role of brain structure until the early 1gth century when the since of phrenology was introduced by Franz Joseph Gall. The ‘science’ was mistaken in its belief that you could tell someone’s character by mapping the bumps on their head, but it at least reflected the idea that behavior was in some way linked to the brain.
structure and function of the cerebral cortex:
The structure of the cerebral cortex involves both hemispheres being divided into 4 lobes - each named after the bones beneath it. So you have in your brain 8 lobes in total - 4 on each side.
Localisation theory suggests that each lobe has a different function (*these will be discussed later).
The cerebral cortex looks like a big walnut and appears wrinkly. It has many different
CONVOLUTIONS or ridges called GYRI (singular gyrus) and valleys called SULCI (singular sulcus).
The convolutions’ function increase the surface area, giving the cortex more processing power. The surface area of the cortex is estimated to be roughly 4 sides of A4 paper.
structure and function of frontal lobe:
Structure - situated at the front of the brain, the frontal lobe makes up about 40% fo the cerebral Function - reasoning and higher-level cognitive functioning (executive functions) for example thinking, planning, decision-making, problem-solving, reasoning, emotional traits, speaking, voluntary
motor aciviv.
The BROCA AREA found by Pierre Paul Broca a surgeon working in the 1860s found a small area in the left frontal lobe responsible for speech production. Damage to this area causes APHASIA - slow, laborious speech which lacks fluency.
The frontal lobes also contain the MOTOR CORTEX. Structure - long strip of neurons that run down alongside the central sulcus on both hemispheres.
Function — each motor contex controls voluntaly
movements so the opposite side of the body (contralateral).
The SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX lies directly beside the sulcus (structure) and its function is to process sensory information from the skin. For example, touch, temperature, pressure - again in a
contralateral way
Neurons processing sensory information take up over half of th area of the sensory
somatosensory cortex.
cerebellum structure and function:
The cerebellum is also known as the “little brain” with its structure having two hemispheres which are highly convoluted (wrinkly). Its function is to coordinate posture, balance and movement. It receives and integrates information from the spinal cord and other areas i.e., motor neurons.
It is 10% of
the brains entire weight but has almost 50% of its neurons.
structure and function of corpus callosum:
describe the example of vision as well
The structure of the corpus callosum involves a collection of nerve cells (sense) which physically connect the two hemispheres below the cerebral cortex. Its function involves allowing communication between the two hemispheres. Key to collateral control of the body is that it integrates the activities of both sides of the body.
Control of the body is mostly contralateral - left hemisphere controls the right and right the left.
Vision is an area that needs communication between both hemispheres. The left eye sends
nesscoes one tomoan a me roneve sens messaoes oreleroran.
someone with a split corpus callosum would not have a message from the left going to the right
side of the brain, and the right eye would send information to the left side of the brain.
HOWEVER, there would be no communication between the two sides - as the corpus callosum is split. Speech is usually on the left side of the brain, someone would be able to say what they saw in the right eye, as the message goes to the left side of the brain, but what they saw in the left eye would not be communicated - as the corpus callosum to transfer to the left side (language) is split.
structure and function of parietal lobe:
Structure - situated on the other side of the central sulcus, further back in the brain.
Function - somatosensory cortex function of processing sensory information. Also deals with visual information but is more to do with using spatial awareness and physical actions that require visual information. Plays a part in understanding geometry, maths (visualise spatial problems), knowing right from left,
structure and function of occipital lobe:
Structure - located at the back of the brain, each lobe contains a primary visual cortex and several secondary areas (left/right/right-left).
Function - the primary visual cortex receives information first from the eyes and begins to process it.
The secondary visual cortex then sends the information to other parts of the brain, this helps understand colour and movement so we can then determine what we are seeing.
structure of temporal lobe:
Structure - lie beneath the lateral sulcus of each hemisphere.
Function - each lobe contains an auditory cortex which deals with sound information coming mainly
trom the opposite cal
They process the location, volume and pitch or sounds and therefore have a
role in understanding language.
Inside the temporal lobe is the hippocampus - deals with memory
behaviour, spatial processing.
Karl Wernicke found the “Wernicke Area” when he was describing patients who had difficulty understanding language, producing fluent but meaningless speech - Wernicke’s aphasia, he located the area within the left temporal lobe.
role and parts of limbic system:
(hypothalamus, thalamus, amygdala, hippocampus)
Consists of several structures for example, the amygdala which play a role in regulating emotional responses eg, aggression.
It also plays a role in memory and learning.
The limbic system is highly
interconnected with areas of the cortex, integrating cortical and subcortical parts.
structure and function of thalamus: (limbic system)
Brains reply station.
It receives information from various senses (i.e., hearing. fight, touch but not
smell) and passes it on to the appropriate areas of the cerebral cortex for high-level processing. The thalamus is active, as it carries out some processing on its own.
So, it acts as a “gate” or filter of
information, it is thought to play a role in sleep, wakefulness and OCD.
structure and function of hypothalamus (limbic system):
Sits below the (hypo) the thalamus and is the size of your finger. It controls motivational behaviours such as hunger, thirst and sex.
Key role in body “fight-or-flight”, response when stress occurs it
maintains balance of body function ie, temperature (homeostasis) It also regulates the activity of the endocrine system (hormones) via its connection with the pituitary gland and even secrete hormones.
structure and function of scn (superchiasmatic nucleus):
Is a tiny region in the hypothalamus above the optic chiasm. It is responsible for controlling circadian rhythms (24-hour cycle).
structure and function of hippocampus (limbic system):
Located in medial temporal lobe. Part of limbic system and is important in memory (LTM) and spatial
navigation
describe the orbital frontal delayed gratification, delayed and immediate and the ventro-medical cortext.
1) being aware patience is needed for bigger award at end.
2) only looking at short term comfort and not looking at the long term.
3) is associated with emotions, decision making and regulating behaviour
structure and function of amygdala (limbic system):
Almond shaped set of neurons within the medial temporal lobe. Involved in emotions. Part of the limbic system.
structure and function of pons:
Contain mainly ascending and descending fibre tracts and fibres linked to the cerebellum.
structure and function of medulla:
Contain important nuclei responsible for regulation of breathing and cardiac functions.