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Biology > Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Biological Molecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define Monosaccharide

A

Basic monomer of which other carbohydrates are composed. They include the reducing sugars glucose and fructose.

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2
Q

Three properties of Water:

A

High level of cohesion.
High specific heat capacity.
Good Solvent

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3
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

The breaking down of the chemical bond between monomers using a water molecule.

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4
Q

What three chemical elements are found in carbohydrates?

A

Carbon, oxygen and hydrogen.

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5
Q

What are the monomers that make up carbohydrates?

A

The monosaccharides ribose and glucose

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6
Q

What is the function of a phospholipid?

A

They are barriers so water-soluble substances can’t easily pass through.

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7
Q

What is the function for cholesterol?

A

Helps strengthen the cell membrane.

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8
Q

How does cholesterol function?

A

It binds the hydrophobic tails of the phospholipids, causing them to pack closely together, making them stronger.

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9
Q

What is the difference between and alpha glucose molecule and a beta glucose molecule?

A

The OH is differently positioned.

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10
Q

What is the difference between an anion and a cation?

A

A cation is a positively charged molecule and an anion is a negatively charged molecule, they are both types of ion.

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11
Q

State three types of cation ion.

A 
Calcium
Sodium
Potassium
Hydrogen
Ammonium
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12
Q

State five types of anion ion.

A 
Nitrate
Hydrogen Carbonate
Phosphate
Chloride
Hydroxide
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13
Q

What are the monomers that make up lipids?

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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14
Q

Describe how hydrogen bonding occurs between water molecules.

A

The slightly negative oxygen attracts the slightly positive hydrogen atoms and, because it’s unevenly distributed, it becomes a polar molecule.

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15
Q

What are covalent bonds?

A

The sharing of electrons between atoms.

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16
Q

What are ionic bonds?

A

The giving or receiving of bonds between atoms.

17
Q

What is a polar molecule?

A

A molecule that has regions of positivity and regions of negativity.

18
Q

What is a condensation reaction and give an example of one.

A

A condensation reaction is where two molecules join together to form one larger molecule (the ester) and a small molecule, usually water.
Eg: Glycosidic Bond

19
Q

What is an ester bond.

A

Ester bonds are formed by the reaction of an acid and alcohol.

20
Q

What is a reducing sugar?

A

Sugars that donate electrons or reduce another chemical or molecule.

21
Q

What is the chemical test for reducing sugar?

A

Benedict’s Reagent

22
Q

What is Benedict’s Reagent made out of?

A

Alkalic copper sulphate.

23
Q

If a reducing sugar is present, what colour will the original solution become?

A

Brick Red

24
Q

What colour will the copper sulphate turn into if no reducing sugars are present?

A

It will stay blue.

25
Q

What is the test to prove the presence of starch?

A

Iodine Test

26
Q

Why does Benedict’s Reagent turn red when heated with a reducing sugar?

A

The electrons in the reducing sugar react with the copper sulphate solution, turning it from blue to red.

27
Q

What is an advantage of using Reagent Strips?

A

A colour-coded chart can tell us the exact concentration of the sugar in the solution.

28
Q

What is a fatty-acid saturated chain?

A

A fatty acid chain that has no double bonds between the carbon atoms

29
Q

What is a fatty-acid unsaturated chain?

A

A fatty acid chain that has double bonds between the carbon atoms

30
Q

What does hydrophilic mean?

A

It attracts water molecules

31
Q

What does hydrophobic mean?

A

It repels water molecules

32
Q

What part of a phospholipid is hydrophobic?

A

The tail

33
Q

What part of a phospholipid is hydrophilic?

A

The head

34
Q

What is replaced by the phosphate group in a phospholipid?

A

A fatty acid

35
Q

What is a surfactant?

A

Surface Active Agent: Phospholipids that will form a layer of themselves across the water because of their hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.

36
Q

What are the roles of a lipid?

A

Membrane formation
Waterproofing
Electrical Insulation
Hormone Production

37
Q

What is the test to show the presence of lipids?

A

The Emulsion Test

38
Q

What does the Emulsion Test consist of?

A

The sample is mixed with ethanol.
The solution is mixed with water and shaken.
If a white emulsion appears on the surface of the solution the test is positive.
If the solution remains clear, it’s negative.

Biology (12 decks)

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