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A Level Biology > Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Biological Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an inorganic ion?

A

An ion that does not contain carbon

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2
Q

What is an organic ion?

A

An ion that contains carbon

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3
Q

What is the role/function of hydrogen (H+) ions?

A

Important in determining the pH of solutions and therefore functioning of enzymes

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4
Q

What is the role/function of iron (Fe2+) ions?

A

Found in haemoglobin - play role in transport of oxygen

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5
Q

What is the role/function of phosphate (PO4 3-) ions?

A

Structural role in DNA molecules and a role in storing energy in ATP molecules

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6
Q

What is the role/function of sodium (Na2+) ions?

A

Important in transport of glucose and amino acids across plasma membranes

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7
Q

Define polymerisation

A

The formation of polymers from monomers joining together

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8
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

Reaction in which the joining of two organic compounds results in the production and release of water

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9
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

Process of breaking bonds through the addition of water

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10
Q

General formula for monosaccharides

A

Cn(H2O)n
1:2:1

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11
Q

What is the name of sugars with 3,4,5,6 carbons?

A

3 - Triose
4 - Tetrose
5 - Pentose
6 - Hexose

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12
Q

Example of a triose

A

Glyceraldehyde

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13
Q

Example of a pentose

A

Ribose/deoxyribose

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14
Q

Example of a hexose

A

Glucose, fructose, galactose

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15
Q

What is the name of a bond between two monosaccharides, and what is the product?

A

Glycosidic bond
Disaccharide

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16
Q

What monosaccharides is maltose made from?

A

alpha glucose + alpha glucose

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17
Q

What monosaccharides is lactose made from?

A

alpha glucose + galactose

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18
Q

What monosaccharides is sucrose made from?

A

alpha glucose + fructose

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19
Q

What is an isomer?

A

Molecule with the same chemical formula but a different arrangement of atoms

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20
Q

What is a monomer?

A

single, small, soluble, repeating units that can be bonded together to form a much longer chain, or polymer

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21
Q

What is a polymer?

A

large, insoluble molecule (chains and / or branched) made up from many monomers

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22
Q

What does OIL RIG stand for?

A

Oxidation is loss (of electrons)
Reduction is gain (of electrons)

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23
Q

How do you check for the presence of reducing sugars?

A

Benedict’s test

24
Q

What is the positive result of a reducing sugars test?

A

Benedict’s solution changes colour from blue to red - could be orange/yellow/green if there is a low conc. of sugar

25
Q

Ionic equation of the reaction in Benedict’s solution

A

Cu2+ + e- —> Cu+
Blue Brick red

26
Q

What are polysaccharides

A

Polymers formed from many monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds

27
Q

Structure of starch + function

A

Made of alpha glucose
Coiled - compact so lots stored in small space
Branched - more ends for faster hydrolysis
Large and insoluble - doesn’t diffuse out of cells or affect water potential

28
Q

Structure of glycogen

A

Formed from alpha glucose
Very branched
Coiled

29
Q

Test for starch

A

Iodine test - changes from yellow/orange to blue-black

30
Q

Structure of cellulose

A

Formed from beta glucose
Straight, unbranched
Every other glucose molecule flipped 180• - H+ bonds form between OH groups forming cross linkages. Microfibrils
Macrofibrils
Cellulose fibres - strength

31
Q

Function of cellulose in cell walls

A

Provides strength
Prevents bursting when water enters by osmosis
Maintains turgidity and rigidity
Maximises surface area for light absorption for photosynthesis

32
Q

What elements do all lipids contain?

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

33
Q

What are lipids soluble in?

A

Other organic solvents (eg. alcohols)
NOT WATER

34
Q

Two main groups of lipids

A

Triglycerides - component of our diet
Phospholipids - component of cell membranes

35
Q

Difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

A

Saturated - only C-C - linear
Unsaturated - one or more C=C - bends

36
Q

Properties of saturated fatty acids

A

Only C-C
Fatty acids can pack closely together
Strong intermolecular attraction between fatty acid chains
High melting point
Solid at room temp

37
Q

Properties of unsaturated fatty acids

A

One or more C=C
Not closely packed fatty acids
Weaker attraction (intermolecular)
Lower melting points
Liquid at room temp

38
Q

Triglyceride structure

A

3 fatty acids and one glycerol

39
Q

Triglycerides are large and insoluble, therefore …..

A

hydrophobic

40
Q

Phospholipids structure

A

Phosphate and 2 fatty acids

41
Q

What is a phospholipid bilayer (plasma membranes)?

A

Head of phospholipid is hydrophilic and tail is hydrophobic so outside and inside of cell lined with heads and inside of cell membrane lined with tails.

42
Q

Examples of proteins

A

Enzymes
In cell membrane
Structural eg. collagen
Hormones
Antibodies
Transport eg. haemoglobin

43
Q

What elements do all proteins contain?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

44
Q

Protein monomer units and polymer

A

Amino acids
Polypeptide chain

45
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20

46
Q

What is the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain called?

A

Primary structure

47
Q

Biuret test

A

Add a few drops of biuret reagent to the sample
Blue to purple = protein present

48
Q

What is the order of protein structure

A

Primary —> Secondary —> Tertiary —> Quaternary

49
Q

What is the primary structure of proteins?

A

Order/sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain

50
Q

What is the secondary structure of proteins?

A

Hydrogen bonds form between C=O and N-H
Pulls polypeptide chain into either:
α-helix coil - more common
β-pleated sheets

51
Q

What is the tertiary structure of proteins?

A

Further twisting and folding of polypeptide chain to give very specific shape/structure

52
Q

What bonds are present between R-groups in tertiary structure of proteins?

A
  • Disulfide bridges
  • Ionic bonds
  • Hydrogen bonds
  • Hydrophobic interactions
53
Q

What is the quaternary structure of proteins?

A

Proteins made up of multiple polypeptide chains joined together
Can also be prosthetic (non-protein) groups

54
Q

What are the two types of proteins?

A

Globular and fibrous

55
Q

What are globular proteins?

A

Form spherical shape with compact structure.
Carry out metabolic functions
E.g enzymes and haemoglobin

56
Q

What are fibrous proteins?

A

Form long chains in parallel to one another.
Linked by cross bridges
Fibre like and have structural functions
e.g collagen

57
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20

A Level Biology (15 decks)

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