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MCM > Biological membranes > Flashcards

Biological membranes Flashcards

1
Q

Phospholipids

A

primary components of cell membranes

amphipathic (hydrophobic tail, hydrophilic head)

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2
Q

phospholipid tails

A

fatty acids that are hydrophobic, saturated and unsaturated

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3
Q

PLs

A

have a hydrophilic head with a phosphate moiety and a hydrophobic tail that is made from fatty acids

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4
Q

2 kinds of PLs

A

glycerophospholipids and sphinolipids

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5
Q

glycerophospholipids

A

glycerol backbone with two estrafied fatty acids and a phosphate group. the phosphate group can be estrafied to amino or sugar alcohol groups to produce other PLs

i. phosphtidylcholine
ii. phosphatidyl serine
iii. phosphatidylinositol

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6
Q

Sphingolipids

A

sphingosine backbone

sphingosine plus a phosphorylcholine make spingomyelin, most common SL present in outer leaflet

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7
Q

what are the three main groups that can estrify a phosphate group on a glycerophospholipid?

A
  1. choline
  2. serine
  3. inositol
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8
Q

a sphingosine backbone (Define), a fatty acid, a phosphate attached to a choline group

A 
sphingosine = glycerol with a hydrocarbon tail @ C3 and an amine group @ C2 
PO4+chline = myelin

Sphingosine, FA, PO4-Choline = sphingomyelin

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9
Q

sphingosine

A

glycerol with a hydrocarbon attached to it and an amino group @ 2nd carbon

hydroxyl groups at 1 and 3

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10
Q

Glycolipids

what are they made from and where are they found

A

have a sphingosine backbone and contain a carbohydrate (oligosaccharide) residue. found in outer leaflet of the lipid bilayer

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11
Q

Cholesterol

A

embedded in lipid bilayer
steroid nucleus with a hydroxyl group and a hydrocarbon side chain. side chain interacts with hydrophobic tails of membrane lipids

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12
Q

Phospholipids found in the outer membrane

A

phosphatidylcholine
sphingomyelin
glycolipids

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13
Q

Phospholipids found in the inner sheet

A

Phosphatidylinositol
Phosphatidylserine
Phosphatidylethanolamine

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14
Q

Membrane proteins

integral membrane proteins

how are they defined

A

defined by how they are associated with the PL bilayer

they are firmly embedded in the membrane and stabilized by hydrophobic interactions

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15
Q

transmembrane proteins

what they are and what this category includes

A

integral membrane proteins that span the entire lipid bilayer and interact with both internal and external envrionemtn

includes transporters, ion channels, and receptors

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16
Q

integral monotropic proteins

A

integral membrane protein

firmly attached to one sheet of membrane

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17
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

loosely bound to the membrane through electrostatic interactions with lipids or proteins

18
Q

Lipid anchored proteins

A

tethered to membranes via a covalent attachment to a lipid molecule

19
Q

four integral proteins and their classification

A

monotropic (span membrane but attached firmly to just one leaflet)
bitopic I and II
polytopic

20
Q

associated membrane proteins

A

Protein associated, Acyl anchored, phospholipid associated

21
Q

Polytopic proteins

A

span membrane five times

22
Q

Monotopic

A

span membrane once

23
Q

bitopic type I

A

single membrane spanning have an internal COO- and an external NH3 group

24
Q

bitopic type II

A

single membrane spanning have an internal NH3 group and an external COO- group

25
Q

Oligosaccharide molecules

A

covalently bound to proteins and lipids facing extracellular side

26
Q

Glycocalyx has 3 key functions

A
  1. protection
  2. cell adhesion
  3. cell identification
27
Q

Glycocalyx has 3 key functions

Protection

A

Protection

protects membrane components from premature enzymatic degradation

28
Q

Glycocalyx has 3 key functions

Cell adhesion

A

enables cell to make more stable contacts with other cells , important during tissue formation and fertilization

29
Q

Glycocalyx has 3 key functions

Cell identification

A

allows the body to differentiate its own healthy cells from foreign of diseased cells. very important in red blood cells

30
Q

Phosphatidylserine Correlation box

A

in healthy cells, phosphatidylserine is displayed in the inner leaflet. during apoptosis, it’s displayed on the extracellular side, serving as a biomarker for phagocytes

31
Q

Niemann-Pick Disease

A

caused by a deficiency in the activity of acid-sphingomyleinase (A-SMase), a lysosomal enzyme

Type A (most severe): less than 1% of A-SMase 
Type B (less severe): 10% A-SMase 
Type C (least severe): caused by defects in cholesterol transport. Accumulation of cholesterol in cells causes a secondary reduction in A-SMase activity

sphingomyelin accumulates in the lysosomes of cells in the CNS, liver, spleen and bone marrow

causes enlargement of the liver and spleen (hepatosplenomegaly) and neurological damage (mental retardation, seizures, ataxia and spasticity)

patients have cherry red macula

32
Q

Blood group O monomer structure and antibodies present

A

Gal–GlcNAc–Gal–Fuc
anti-A
anti-B

antigen group: H

33
Q

Blood group A monomer structure and antibodies present

A

Gal-GlcNAc-Gal-Fuc–GalNAc

anti-B

antigen group: A

34
Q

Blood group B monomer structure and antibodies present

A

Gal-GlcNAc–Gal–Fuc–Gal

anti-A

antigen group: B

35
Q

Blood group A/B monomer structure and antibodies present

A

Gal-GlcNAc-Gal-Fuc–GalNAc
Gal-GlcNAc–Gal–Fuc–Gal

no anti-bodies

antigen group: AB

36
Q

universal donor

A

O, has no antigen to attack. can only accept blood from other O types because of antibodies agains A and B

37
Q

universal acceptor

A

AB, has no antibodies against any antigens. can receive from O, A, B, AB

38
Q

Rh factor

A

there are many Rh antigens but term applied specifically to D antigen

Rh+ expressed D antigen
Rh- to not express D antigen

39
Q

Rh antigen is

A

autosomal dominant

40
Q

Rh+/Rh- mother/child

A

child has to be Rh+, and mother has to be Rh-

41
Q

Erythroblastosis fetalis occurs when

A

the mother’s antibodies attack the child causing premature abortion

MCM (22 decks)

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